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med surg > med surg lecture uno > Flashcards

med surg lecture uno Flashcards

1
Q

White blood cells critically low

A

<2,000

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2
Q

White blood cells critically high

A

> 40,000

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3
Q

Red blood cells

A

4.2-6.1

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4
Q

hemoglobin critically low

A

<7

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5
Q

hemoglobin critically high

A

> 21

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6
Q

hematocrit (HCT)

A

<21%

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7
Q

hematocrit critically high

A

> 65%

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8
Q

platelet critically low

A

<20,000

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9
Q

platelet count critically high

A

> 1,000,000

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10
Q

PTT critically high

A

> 100 seconds

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11
Q

PT critically high

A

> 20 seconds

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12
Q

INR normal range

A

0.8-1.1

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13
Q

INR critically high

A

> 5

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14
Q

Magnesium level normal

A

1.3 - 2.1

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15
Q

magnesium critically low

A

<0.5

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16
Q

magnesium critically high

A

> 3

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17
Q

HGA1C

A

4-6%

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18
Q

D-Dimer

A

<500

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19
Q

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

A

<20

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20
Q

CRP (c-reactive protein)

A

<10

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21
Q

sodium critically low

A

<120

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22
Q

sodium critically high

A

> 160

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23
Q

potassium critically low

A

<3

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24
Q

potassium critically high

A

> 6.1

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25
Q

chloride normal level

A

98-106

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26
Q

chloride critically low

A

<80

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27
Q

chloride critically high

A

> 115

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28
Q

glucose critically low

A

<40

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29
Q

glucose critically high

A

> 450

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30
Q

EGFR

A

> 60

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31
Q

total calcium critically low

A

<6

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32
Q

total calcium critically high

A

> 13

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33
Q

AST

A

0-35

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34
Q

coagulation labs

A

pt
ptt
inr

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35
Q

lipid panel

A

HDL
LDL
triglycerides
total cholesterol

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36
Q

cardiac labs

A

troponin
creatine kinase
bnp
digoxin

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37
Q

inflammatory marker labs

A

ESR
CRP

38
Q

kidney function labs

A

creatine clearance
EGFR

39
Q

pancreatic function labs

A

amylase
lipase

40
Q

blood glucose labs

A

HGA1C
glucose

41
Q

thyroid labs

A

TSH
total T3
total T4
free T4

42
Q

complete blood count labs

A

WBC
RBC
Hgb
Hct
platelet count

43
Q

cbc with diff labs

A

everything in cbc plus:
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

44
Q

renal function labs

A

BUN
serum creatinine
creatinine clearance -best
EGFR

45
Q

diagnostic testing includes:

A

drawing blood
collecting urine
imaging

46
Q

What is required before, during and after any diagnostic test?

A

Patient Education

47
Q

Lab values are obtained for what reasons?

A

To diagnose a patient
To rule out a clinical problem
To monitor therapy of various drugs

48
Q

methods of obtaining blood samples

A

venous blood draw
arterial blood draw
capillary puncture

49
Q

electrolytes includes:

A

sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
chloride
phosphate

50
Q

What causes imbalances of our electrolytes?

A

Malnutrition
dehydration
over hydration
vomiting/diarrhea
sweating
medications

51
Q

What complications can occur with electrolyte imbalances?

A

Cardiac and/or neurological

52
Q

How does electrolyte imbalances affect the heart?

A

Causes irregular rate and rhythm and arrhythmias can lead to cardiac arrest

53
Q

When you think of sodium which part of the body should you think of?

A

Brain

54
Q

hyponatremia

A

low sodium anything less <136

55
Q

hypernatremia

A

high sodium anything >145

56
Q

signs and symptoms of hyponatremia

A

mental status change
lethargy
dizziness
headaches
seizures
coma
death

57
Q

causes of hyponatremia

A

excessive sweating without proper replacement of sodium
fluid volume disturbances (primarily hypervolemia)- too much fluid in the vascular system - dilutes sodium

58
Q

Interventions for hyponatremia

A

keep patient safe due to mental status change
-seizure precautions
-assess and monitor neurological status
-daily weights
- monitor intake and output
-replace sodium
-restrict “free” water
-educate

59
Q

signs and symptoms of hypernatremia

A

-thirst
-mental status changes - irritability, agitation, confusion
-twitching and tremors
-seizures

60
Q

causes of hypernatremia

A

-fluid volume disturbances (hypovolemia - not enough volume)
-increased sodium intake or unable to excrete sodium (due to kidney failure)

61
Q

interventions for hypernatremia

A

-keep patient safe
-seizure precautions
-assess and monitor neurological status
-daily weights
-monitor intake and output
-restrict sodium
-educate

62
Q

what part of the body pertains to potassium?

A

-cardiac/heart
- muscles
-respiratory
-mental status
-GI system

63
Q

causes of hypokalemia

A

-inadequate intake
-excessive loss
-medications

64
Q

interventions for hypokalemia

A

-cardiac monitor
-perform appropriate focused assessments
-give potassium rich foods
-potassium supplements
-educate

65
Q

Hyperkalemia signs and symptoms

A

cardiovascular system
-cardia arrhythmias, can lead to cardiac arrest
-weak pulses
-low blood pressure
muscle twitching and cramps followed by muscle weakness
increased GI motility
-diarrhea

66
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A

-excessive potassium intake
-kidney failure
-medications

67
Q

interventions of hyperkalemia

A

-cardiac monitor
-perform appropriate focused assessments
-give medications to decrease potassium levels
-restrict potassium rich foods
-educate

68
Q

what medication could decrease potassium levels?

A

lasix

69
Q

role of calcium

A

-essential for proper functional excitable muscle cells
-promotes muscle contraction
-helps maintain normal heart rhythm
-blood vessels constriction
-aids in keeping bones and teeth strong
-calcium is stored in these locations

70
Q

how does vitamin d get to its active form

A

by the kidneys

71
Q

hypocalcemia signs and symptoms

A

cardiac arrhythmias, possible cardiac arrest
hypotension
hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
positive trousseau and chvostek signs
numbness and tingling in fingers and around mouth

72
Q

hypocalcemia causes

A

medications
vit d deficiency
renal disease

73
Q

hypocalcemia interventions

A

cardiac monitor
monitor BP - BP DROPS
perform appropriate focused assessments
administer calcium supplements
encourage calcium rich foods
keep patient safe
education

74
Q

hypercalcemia signs and symptoms

A

cardiac arrhythmias, possible cardiac arrest
hypertension
skeletal muscle weakness
possible kidney stones

75
Q

hypercalcemia causes

A

excessive intake of calcium or vit d
medications

76
Q

interventions for hypercalcemia

A

cardiac monitor
monitor BP
perform appropriate focused assessments
give medications to decrease calcium levels
avoid foods high in calcium
educate

77
Q

roles of magnesium

A

critical in nearly all metabolic processes
works with calcium for proper function of excitable cells
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and nerve cells

78
Q

magnesium imbalances are usually accompanied by a ________ imbalances?

A

calcium

79
Q

signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia

A

cardiac dysrhythmias, possible cardiac arrest
hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
tetany

80
Q

causes of hypomagnesemia

A

decreased intake (malnutrition)
excessive loss (severe diarrhea)
chronic alcoholism

81
Q

interventions for hypomagnesemia

A

cardiac monitor
perform appropriate focused assessments
give supplements to replace magnesium
encourage magnesium rich foods

82
Q

hypermagnesemia signs and symptoms

A

-cardiac arrhythmias
-lethargy
-skeletal muscle weakness - respiratory failure
-hypotension

83
Q

hypermagnesemia causes

A

increased intake
renal failure

84
Q

hypermagnesemia interventions

A

-cardiac monitor
-perform appropriate focused assessments
-give medications to decrease magnesium level
-avoid foods and medications rich in magnesium

85
Q

If the patient was abusing the antacid maalox, what might you see?

A

low magnesium

86
Q

role of chloride

A

helps maintain the body’s acid-base balance (ph levels)
helps move fluid in and out of the cells

87
Q

role of phosphate

A

necessary for formation of bones and teeth
used by the cell for energy
plays an important structural role in building cell membranes
stored in the bones

88
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.35 to 7.45

89
Q

red blood cells are also know as what

A

erythrocytes

90
Q

What is the “vehicle” for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

A

Hemoglobin

91
Q

Erythrocytosis is

A

elevated RBCs, Hgb, Hct

med surg (7 decks)

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