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med surg > lecture 7 > Flashcards

lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

glands located all throughout the body that secrete various hormones into the blood stream

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2
Q

hormones produced are secreted to help maintain what

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

the hormones produced by the endocrine system maintain what things in the body

A

-fluid balance
-metabolism, energy balance
-contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle
-growth and development
-reproduction
-circadian rhythms

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4
Q

hormones flow through ________

A

capillaries

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5
Q

what system is used when hormones are needed through out the body

A

lock & key

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6
Q

the hormones are the ____ in the lock and key system

A

key

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7
Q

the target cells or receptor sites are the _____ in the lock and key system

A

lock

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8
Q

receptor site is ______ for one hormone

A

specific

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9
Q

what is the most common type of endocrine feedback system

A

negative feedback system/mechanism

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10
Q

what does the negative feedback system/mechanism do

A

reverse changes that occured in the controlled condition

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11
Q

the negative feedback system will result in the gland increasing or decreasing the _____ of a hormone

A

release

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12
Q

Hormone secretion usually depends on the body’s need for the final action of the hormone

A
  1. Body condition moves away from normal range
  2. Specific hormone stimulated -> starts chain of events to return body to normal
  3. Once need is met and body condition normalized, secretion of the hormone will cease
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13
Q

glands of the endocrine system (10)

A

-pineal gland
-hypothalamus
-anterior and posterior pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-parathyroid gland
-thymus
-adrenal glands (2)
-pancreas
-ovaries
-testes

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14
Q

what produces regulatory hormones that are either releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones

A

hypothalamus

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15
Q

what is the function of regulatory hormones

A

to stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

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16
Q

the hypothalamus is responsible for synthesizing what hormones

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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17
Q

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are made by the hypothalamus but stored and released from where?

A

the posterior pituitary gland

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18
Q

This is regulated by the hypothalamus by inhibiting or releasing hormones

A

anterior pituitary gland

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19
Q

the anterior pituitary gland contains ______ hormones

A

tropic

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20
Q

hormones that send messages to other endocrine glands to release their hormones are called

A

tropic hormones

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21
Q

what are the 4 tropic hormones

A

-thyroid stimulating hormone
-adrenocorticotropic hormone
-follicle-stimulating hormone
-luteinizing hormone

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22
Q

what are the other two hormones in the anterior pituitary gland that act directly on final target tissues

A

-growth hormone
-prolactin

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23
Q

TSH sends messages to what gland to release their hormones

A

thyroid

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24
Q

ACTH sends messages to what gland to release their hormones

A

adrenal glands

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25
Q

FSH sends messages to what gland to release their hormones

A

ovary/testes

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26
Q

LH sends messages to what gland to release their hormones

A

ovary/testes

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27
Q

the growth hormone affects what

A

body tissues

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28
Q

prolactin affects what

A

mammary gland

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29
Q

what is the extension of the hypothalamus that does NOT synthesize hormones

A

posterior pituitary gland

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30
Q

where are the hormones produced that are in the posterior pituitary gland

A

the hypothalamus

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31
Q

the posterior pituitary gland stores and releases what hormones

A

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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32
Q

antidiuretic is also known as what

A

vasopressin

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33
Q

what is the mnemonic for the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

A

flat pig -fsh, lh, acth, tsh, prolactin, ignore, gh

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34
Q

what is the target organ and effects for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

-thyroid gland
-stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones

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35
Q

what is the target organ and effects for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

-adrenal gland (cortex)
-stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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36
Q

what is the target organ and effects for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

-ovary and testes
-stimulates secretion of estrogen and the development of ova in women and sperm development in men (control of reproductive function)

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37
Q

what is the target organ and effects for luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

-ovaries and testes
-stimulates ovulation in women and secretion of sex hormones in both men and women (control of reproductive function)

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38
Q

what is the target organ and effects for growth hormone (GH)

A

-liver, adipose tissue
-promotes growth (indirectly)

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39
Q

what is the target organ and effects for prolactin

A

-mammary gland
-stimulates breast development necessary for lactation after child birth

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40
Q

what is the target organ and effects for antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin

A

-kidney
-regulates fluid volume by stimulating reabsorption of water in the kidneys

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41
Q

what is the target organ and effects for oxytocin

A

-ovary and testis
-stimulates ejection of milk into mammary ducts and uterine contractions

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42
Q

what gland is anterior to the trachea and consists of two lobes

A

thyroid gland

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43
Q

what three hormones are produced by the thyroid gland

A

-triiodothyronine T3
-thyroxine T4
-calcitonin

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44
Q

what is the only gland of the endocrine system that can be palpated

A

thyroid gland

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45
Q

why must a provider take precaution when palpating the thyroid

A

because it can release additional hormones and exacerbate symptoms

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46
Q

thyroid hormones are essential for what things

A

-physical growth
-mental development
-reproductive maturation
-metabolic activity
-life

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47
Q

thyroid hormones increase the metabolic rate of the body utilizing ______ and producing ______

A

-energy
-heat

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48
Q

if a person is in cold temps will more or less thyroid hormones be released to increase heat production

A

more

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49
Q

in order for the body to produce T3 and T4 there must be a sufficient intake of what two things

A

-protein
-iodine

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50
Q

calcitonin is release when serum calcium levels are too _____

A

high

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51
Q

calcitonin inhibits breaking down bones for calcium and phosphate which does what

A

-keeps calcium from leaving the bones
-decreases resorption of calcium in the kidneys

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52
Q

calcitonin ____ serum levels of calcium

A

lowers

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53
Q

how can a nurse assist with palpation of the thyroid

A

-position them
-giving patients sips of water

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54
Q

what are the four glands that sit on the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

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55
Q

what does the parathyroid gland produce

A

parathyroid hormone

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56
Q

parathyroid hormone raises serum _____ levels and _____ levels

A

-calcium
-phosphate

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57
Q

the parathyroid hormones ____ calcium that is stored in bones

A

pulls

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58
Q

the parathyroid hormones encourages the _____ and ______ to reabsorb more calcium

A

kidneys and small intestine

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59
Q

the target organs of the parathyroid hormone include what organs

A

-bones
-small intestine
-kidneys

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60
Q

where does the adrenal glands sit

A

on top of the kidneys

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61
Q

the adrenal glands consist of what two sections

A

-adrenal medulla
-adrenal cortex

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62
Q

what hormones does the adrenal medulla release

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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63
Q

when epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla these catecholamines act as ______ not ______

A

-hormones
-neurotransmitters

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64
Q

hormones from the adrenal medulla are released during what

A

stress to manage the bodys stress response

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65
Q

the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla causes what SNS response

A

-increased cardiac contractions
-increased cardiac output
-increased heartrate
-increased BP
-bronchodilation
-enhanced blood flow to muscles
-increased glucose availability

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66
Q

what are the three hormones produced and secreted from the adrenal cortex

A

-mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
-glucocorticoids (cortisol)
-gonadocorticoids (androgens)

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67
Q

what do mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) do in the body

A

-acts on kidneys to conserve sodium and fluid follows
-acts on kidneys to rid the body of potassium
-increased serum sodium, decreased serum potassium, increased fluid volume, increased blood pressure

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68
Q

what do glucocorticoids (cortisol) do in the body

A

-provides energy sources to the body and ensures glucose is made available for the brain
-acts on liver to convert glycogen to glucose
-released during body’s response to stress - the body requires more energy for stress induced changes

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69
Q

when the body is stressed, the ______ tells the ________ gland to release ACTH, then travels to the adrenal cortex and stimulates release of cortisol

A

-hypothalamus
-anterior pituitary gland

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70
Q

what do gonadocorticoids (adrogens) do in the body

A

contribute to libido and reproduction

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71
Q

if a person has hyperkalemia ______ will be released to lower potassium

A

aldosterone

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72
Q

adrenal cortex mnemonic

A

Make Good Sweets
saying: salt, sex, sugar
Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Sex hormone

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73
Q

mnemonic for adrenal medulla

A

-men
Medulla
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

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74
Q

what is both an endocrine and exocrine gland

A

the pancreas

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75
Q

what is the function of the pancreas as an exocrine gland

A

release of amylase and lipase for digestion assistance

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76
Q

what is the function of the pancreas as an endocrine gland

A

secretes insulin and glucagon for glucose homeostasis into the blood stream

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77
Q

cells within the pancreas includes:

A

alpha and beta cells

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78
Q

what do alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

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79
Q

what do beta cells secrete

A

insulin

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80
Q

alpha and beta cells live within a section of the pancreas called what

A

islet of langerhans

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81
Q

this is released by the pancreas when serum glucose rise

A

insulin

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82
Q

Insulin is the ___ to unlock the cells

A

key

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83
Q

once cells are unlocked ______ can travel inside the cells and be used for energy

A

glucose

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84
Q

without insulin the cells will starve because they cannot what

A

metabolize glucose

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85
Q

this is released by the pancreas when serum glucose levels are low

A

glucagon

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86
Q

glucagon stimulates the liver to turn glycogen to ______

A

glucose

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87
Q

______ is imperative to combat hypoglycemia because it can lead to brain death

A

glucagon

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88
Q

causes of endocrine disorders

A

-overproduction of the hormone
-underproduction of the hormone
-side effects of certain drugs

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89
Q

a primary endocrine disorder means something is wrong with what

A

the gland itself

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90
Q

a secondary endocrine disorder means something is wrong with what

A

a different gland/organ affects the endocrine gland

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91
Q

what decreases in the endocrine system as we age

A

-growth hormone
-decrease in tsh and thyroid hormone
-insulin secretion

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92
Q

as you age and there is a decrease in growth hormone this happens to the body

A

decrease in muscle mass and increase in fat storage

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93
Q

as you age and there is a decrease in TSH and thyroid hormones this happens to the body

A

decrease in basal metabolic rate

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94
Q

as you age and there is a decrease in insulin secretion this happens to the body

A

decrease in glucose tolerance but not diabetes

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95
Q

as we age and the endocrine system functions decrease is causes a decrease in _____

A

energy

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96
Q

disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

A

diabetes mellitus

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97
Q

the body is intolerant to glucose for what reasons

A

-the pancreas has developed faulty production of insulin either decreasing it or ceased completely
-the tissues have become insensitive to the insulin

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98
Q

how is an individual diagnosed with diabetes

A

various ways but an elevated HbA1C is most common

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99
Q

type 1 dm accounts for what percent of all diabetes mellitus

A

5%

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100
Q

how many million children and adults have type I DM

A

1.25 million

101
Q

when does type I dm usually develop and how is the onset of symptoms

A

childhood or adolescence and symptoms are abrupt

102
Q

DM1 is an _______ disease

A

autoimmune

103
Q

with type I dm the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic ____ cells that produce ______

A

-beta
-insulin

104
Q

how much insulin is produced within the body with type I dm

A

none

105
Q

with type 1 dm why is the pancreas unable to secrete insulin

A

because there are no beta cells to synthesize it

106
Q

what must a type one diabetic have to live

A

exogenous insulin

107
Q

how often should a type I diabetic administer insulin

A

daily for the rest of their lives

108
Q

without exogenous insulin, a type I diabetic s blood sugar levels can become critically ______

A

high

109
Q

exogenous insulin is what

A

synthetically made insulin

110
Q

insulin production is reduced and/or cells are resistant is what

A

type 2 diabetes

111
Q

what percentage of diabetics have type 2

A

95%

112
Q

when in life does type 2 dm usually occur

A

middle age and progresses gradually

113
Q

what are the risk factors for developing DM2

A

-genetics
-obesity
-poor diet
-sedentary lifestyle

114
Q

with type 2 dm there are less ____ cells available to synthesize the insulin because they’ve been _____ for so long

A

-beta
-overworked

115
Q

with type 2 dm the beta cells that are still aliive have a _____ response to rising glucose levels causing delayed or decreased release of _____ from the pancreas

A

-decreased
-insulin

116
Q

______, _______ and _______ tissue dont respond to insulin as quickly or efficiently when a person is a type 2 diabetic

A

liver, muscle and adipose tissue

117
Q

DM2 can be managed with _____, ____ and ______

A

-diet
-oral agents
-insulin

118
Q

what occurs when glucose available exceeds the amount of insulin available

A

hyperglycemia

119
Q

what is a normal blood sugar range

A

74-106

120
Q

what are causes of hyperglycemia

A

-overeating
-stress and illness
-not enough medication or inappropriate medication regimen

121
Q

why does stress and illness affect blood sugar levels

A

cortisol is released which causes an increase in glucose levels

122
Q

chronically high blood glucose levels can to what

A

long-term complications

123
Q

what are symptoms of hyperglycemia

A

-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
-glucosuria
-blurred vision
-fatigue, lethargy, headache
-abdominal pain
-eventual coma

124
Q

hyperglycemia symptoms occur because of what

A

-the body is attempting to rid the excess glucose from the serum
-the body is reacting from cells starving

125
Q

treatments of hyperglycemia in the diabetic patient

A

-dietary changes
-increased physical activity
-education
-non-insulin oral agents
-insulin coverage

126
Q

this occurs when there is not enough glucose available for the amount of insulin circulating in the blood

A

hypoglycemia

127
Q

what are the causes of hypoglycemia

A

-not enough food
-under eating
-skipping a meal
-too much insulin
-exercise

128
Q

repeated episodes of hypoglycemia or extremely low blood glucose levels can cause what

A

neurological damage

129
Q

initial signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

-hunger
-shaky, tremors
-sweating
-palpitations
-pallor
-headaches

130
Q

neurological signs and symptoms that occur if hypoglycemia is left untreated

A

-irritability
-confusion
-seizures
-coma
-death

131
Q

what should you always do before treating hypoglycemia

A

assess the blood glucose level if a glucometer is available

132
Q

if the blood sugar is less than 74 or a patient has signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia what should you do

A

provide simple sugar

133
Q

if a patient is awake, alert, cooperative administer ___ to ____ grams of fast-acting simple-carbohydrates

A

15 to 20 grams

134
Q

examples of 15 to 20 grams of fast acting simple carbohydrates

A

-4-6 oz of juice or regular soda
-6-8 hard candies such as lifesavers

135
Q

if a patient is lethargic, unconscious, unable to swallow or uncooperative what should you do for hypoglycemia

A

-administer sub q or IM glucagon
-if they have IV access adminster dextrose

136
Q

after initial intervention for hypoglycemia what should you do

A

-stay with patient during this time
-recheck glucose in 15 minutes

137
Q

if the blood glucose continues to be below 74 or patient remains symptomatic what should you do

A

-repeat administration of fast acting simple carb or glucagon depending on patients status

138
Q

you will continue to administer fast acting simple carbs or glucagon until when?

A

the blood sugar is above 74

139
Q

once the glucose level has reached 74 or greater what do you do for the patient

A

provide a snack of complex-carbs

140
Q

what are examples of a snack of complex carbs

A

-peanut butter and crackers
-sandwich and chips
-a meal

141
Q

most deaths from diabetes are dur to what

A

long-term compications

142
Q

what are some long term complications of diabetes

A

-macrovascular damage
-microvascular damage
-neuropathy
-increased risk for infection
-complications with the feet

143
Q

macrovascular damage that occurs with long term dm

A

-atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis develop
-more prone to developing HTN and elevated LDL and triglyceride levels
-increased risk of developing heart attack, stroke & poor circulation of the dependent extremities

144
Q

microvascular damage that occurs with long term dm

A

-damage to small blood vessels and capillaries; blood flow decreases from thickening of vessel walls, target organ damage occurs
-retinopathy
-nephropathy

145
Q

nerve damage due to chronic hyperglycemia

A

neuropathy

146
Q

neuropathy causes ______ and _____ or decreased sensation in extremities

A

numbness and pain

147
Q

what medications are used to manage pain for neuropathy

A

gabapentin or antidepressants

148
Q

why is a person with long term dm at an increased risk for infection

A

slowed healing due to impaired circulation

149
Q

what complications occur with the feet in diabetics

A

-neuropathy causes decreased sensation and unknown wounds
-risk for infection and slowed wound healing
-foot assessment and foot care is extremely important
-amputations of lower extremities common

150
Q

to prevent long term complications of DM individuals should do what

A

-control blood glucose levels
-control blood pressure
-control cholesterol levels
-avoid smoking
-maintain appropriate weight
-exercise regularly

151
Q

treatment of DM

A

-diet
-exercise
-maintain appropriate weight
-monitor and manage blood glucose levels
-medications

152
Q

non-insulin oral agents require the pancreas to still have some function so they cannot be used for who

A

-type 1 diabetics

153
Q

what two ways do oral agents work in diabetics

A

-produce more insulin through stimulating the pancreas
-make the tissues/muscles more sensitive to insulin

154
Q

two non-insulin oral agents

A

glimepiride (amaryl)
metformin (glucophage)

155
Q

what drug class is metformin

A

biguanide

156
Q

metformin _______ glucose production in the liver and _____ response to insulin by increasing cell uptake of glucose in the tissues

A

decreases
increases

157
Q

metformin can cause _____ damage

A

kidney

158
Q

what should you check before administration of metformin

A

EGFR. bun and creatinine

159
Q

avoid administration of metformin if the patient recently had what

A

contrast dye

160
Q

what drug class is glimepiride

A

sulfonylurea

161
Q

glimepiride stimulates insulin ______ by the pancreas and _____ response to insulin by increasing cell uptake of glucose in the tissues

A

production
-increases

162
Q

when a patient is on glimepiride what should you monitor for and why

A

hypoglycemia because of the increase of insulin secretion

163
Q

where can insulin be administered on the body

A

-tissue of the back fatty part of the arm
-abdomen
-anterior thigh
-buttocks

164
Q

rotation of sites for insulin is key to avoid complications with what

A

tissue distribution

165
Q

what must you know before administering any type of insulin

A

blood sugar level

166
Q

insulin is a _____ drug because it can quickly cause

A

high risk

167
Q

____ nurses must verify the amount and type of insulin being administered

A

two

168
Q

how to perform the double check of insulin

A

draw up insulin leave the needle and syringe in the insulin vial and ask the nurse to verify the amount by asking what do you see

169
Q

the nurse should look at the syringe and tell you the _____ of insulin they see along with verifying the ______ from the bottle

A

amount
medication

170
Q

what are the four different types of insulin

A

-rapid acting
-short acting
-intermediate acting
-long acting

171
Q

insulin is classified by “time coarse” which includes

A

onset, peak and duration of drug

172
Q

how long it takes for the insulin to begin working and lowering glucose is the what

A

onset

173
Q

when the insulin is working the very hardest to lower glucose levels is the what

A

peak

174
Q

how long the insulin continues to work until it is completely used up is the what

A

duration

175
Q

mealtime insulin is also known as _____ insulin

A

bolus

176
Q

mealtime insulin works quickly in the body to keep blood glucose levels under control after a ____

A

meal

177
Q

when is bolus insulin given

A

at or right before mealtime, or when blood sugars are extremely elevated

178
Q

insulins in the mealtime or bolus category are what

A

-rapid acting insulin
-short acting insulin

179
Q

what are the rapid acting insulins

A

lispro - humalog
aspart - novolog

180
Q

how do rapid acting insulins work

A

they assist in lowering blood glucose levels quickly

181
Q

what is the onset of rapid acting insulin

A

5-20 minutes

182
Q

what is the peak of rapid acting insulin

A

30 minutes to 3 hours

183
Q

hat is the duration of rapid acting insulin

A

2-5 hours

184
Q

what assessment should be done prior to rapid acting insulin administration

A

assess blood glucose levels - no sooner than 30 minutes prior to adminstration

185
Q

do not give rapid acting insulin more than ______ before meal ingestion

A

15 minutes

186
Q

what are the short-acting insulins

A

novolin r
humulin r

187
Q

how do short-acting insulins work

A

assist in lowering blood glucose levels quickly

188
Q

what is the onset of short-acting insulin

A

30 minutes

189
Q

what is the peak of short-acting insulin

A

2-5 hours

190
Q

hat is the duration of short-acting insulin

A

5-8 hours

191
Q

prior to administering short-acting insulin you must do what

A

assess the blood glucose level no sooner than 30 minutes prior to giving

192
Q

do not give short-acting insulin more than ______ before meal ingestion

A

30 minutes

193
Q

what is the only insulin that can be given by IV

A

short-acting regular insulin

194
Q

daily control insulin is also known as _____ insulin

A

basal

195
Q

how does daily control insulin also known as basal insulin work in the body

A

works slowly throughout the day to keep glucose levels consistent

196
Q

daily control insulin also known as basal insulin mimics what

A

the pancreas’ secretion of insulin

197
Q

what levels would the insulin be at to administer basal insulin

A

within appropriate ranges

198
Q

when is daily control insulin or basal insulin not given

A

when the patient is hypoglycemic

199
Q

which insulins are in the category of daily control insulins or basal insulins

A

-intermediate-acting insulin
-long-acting insulin

200
Q

medications that are intermediate acting insulin

A

-novolin N
-humulin N

201
Q

how do intermediate acting insulins work

A

assists in lowering the blood glucose level over the course of the day

202
Q

what is the onset of intermediate acting insulin

A

1-2 hours

203
Q

hat is the peak of intermediate acting insulin

A

6-12 hours

204
Q

what is the duration of intermediate acting insulin

A

18-26 hours

205
Q

how often is intermediate acting insulin given

A

one to two times a day

206
Q

what should you do before giving intermediate acting insulin

A

assess blood glucose level no sooner than 30 minutes prior to adiministration

207
Q

what medication is a long acting insulin

A

insulin glargine - lantus

208
Q

what is the onset of long-acting insulin

A

1-2 hours

209
Q

what is the peak of long acting insulin

A

no peak

210
Q

what is the duration of long acting insulin

A

up to 24 hours

211
Q

how often is long acting insulin given

A

one to two times a day

212
Q

what should you do before giving long acting insulin

A

assess blood glucose level no sooner than 30 minutes prior to giving

213
Q

long-acting insulin should be given at ____ time each day

A

same

214
Q

sliding scales are only used with ____ insulin

A

bolus

215
Q

with a sliding scale the dose of bolus insulin administered is dependent on what

A

glucose reading

216
Q

parts of the GI system

A

-oral cavity
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small and large intestines
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
-rectum
-anus

217
Q

what are the accessory organs of the GI system

A

liver gallbladder and pancreas

218
Q

This part of the GI system carries undigested food from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

219
Q

muscle later in the wall off the esophagus propels food forward to the stomach

A

peristalsis

220
Q

circular smooth muscle ring at the junction of the stomach is called what

A

lower esophageal sphincter

221
Q

the lower esophageal sphincter ____ to allow food to enter and _____ to prevent backflow into the esophagus

A

-relaxes
-contracts

222
Q

reservoir for food where digestion begins to take place gets the food ready to be digested other places

A

stomach

223
Q

at are the four main regions of the stomach

A

-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pylorus

224
Q

the pylorus narrows at the what

A

pyloric sphincter

225
Q

the stomach mucosa contains folds (gastric pits) with glands that produce and secrete what

A

gastric juices

226
Q

when do gastric juice secretions begin

A

at the sight or smell of food

227
Q

when do gastric juice secretions increase

A

with the presence of food in the stomach

228
Q

this is released by the stomach mucosa to increase gastric juice secretions

A

gastrin

229
Q

ingested food becomes a thick liquid called what

A

chyme

230
Q

this relaxes to allow small amounts of chyme to pass into the small intestines/duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

231
Q

what is the hormone of the stomach

A

gastrin

232
Q

what are the three sections of the small intestines

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

233
Q

this secretes bild from the liver/gallbladder for disposal and enzymes from the pancreas to aid in digestion

A

ampulla of vater

234
Q

what are the two enzymes from the pancreas

A

amylase
lipase

235
Q

this comes from the pancreas and turns starch into maltose

A

amylase

236
Q

this comes from the pancreas and turns emulsified fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides

A

lipase

237
Q

chyme enters stimulating production/secretion of intestinal enzymes which complete digestion so that the end product can be absorbed and used by the body from the _____

A

small intestines

238
Q

what are the enzymes of the small intestines

A

-sucrase
-maltase
-lactase

239
Q

absorption of nutrients requires large surface area which is why there are extensive ____ in the small intestines

A

folds

240
Q

the liver receives oxygenated blood from the what

A

hepatic artery

241
Q

blood enters the liver from the digestive organs by the what

A

hepatic portal vein

242
Q

the hepatic portal vein allows the liver to regulate nutrients or remove _____ substances from the blood before circulating back into the system

A

toxic

243
Q

all blood leaves the liver via the what

A

hepatic vein

244
Q

what does bile do in the liver

A

-carries bilirubin and excess cholesterol to the intestines for elimination
-emulsifies fats in the small intestines aka breakdown fats

245
Q

where is the gallbladder located

A

the undersurface of the liver

246
Q

the gallbladder ______ and ______ bile until it is needed by the small intestine

A

-stores
-concentrates

247
Q

fatty foods entering the duodenum stimulates what hormone and to be released from the intestinal mucosa

A

cholecystokinin

248
Q

cholecystokinin stimulates the ______ to contract and release bile into the duodenum

A

gallbladder

med surg (7 decks)

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