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med surg > Med Surg Final > Flashcards

Med Surg Final Flashcards

1
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Often called age related macular degeneration ( AMD)
Is the central loss of vision that affects the macula of the eye.
It has no cure
It is the #1 cause of vision loss in ppl over 60
Yellow spots will appear in the field of vision

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2
Q

Two types of macular degeneration are…..

A

Dry macular - which is the most common
It is caused by a gradual blockage in the retinal capillary arteries, which results in the macula becoming ischemic and necrotic due to lack of retinal cells.
Wet macular - which is less common
It is caused by new growth of blood vessels that have thin walls and allow blood flow and fluid to leak from them

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3
Q

What are risk factors for dry macular degeneration

A

Smokers, family history, HTN, female, short body stature, diet lacking carotene and Vitamin A

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4
Q

What age can wet macular degeneration occur

A

It can occur at any age

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5
Q

reg u-100 is used for what

A

It is used as an insulin drip, do not use u-500 it would be too much

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6
Q

If a person has sugar in the urine, how will their urine appear

A

It will appear diluted

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7
Q

What are macro vascular complications

A

Stroke

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8
Q

How much sodium should a person consume

A

Less than 2gm a day

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9
Q

What is nitroglycerin used for

A

Angina

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10
Q

What is used to determine left ventricular hypertropthy

A

Echo

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11
Q

If a person of suffering from PVD, how should they position their limbs

A

Elevate extremities

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12
Q

What is PAD caused by

A

Atherosclerosis

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13
Q

What are signs and symptoms of PAD

A

Intermittent claudication

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14
Q

For PAD how should the limbs be positioned

A

Keep limbs dependent
Avoid crossing legs
Smoking promotes vascular constriction

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15
Q

What are MEDS for PAD and PVD

A

Anti platelets ( aspirin, plavix, clopidogrel,heparin, lovenox)

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16
Q

Someone who suffers from Varicose veins is at high risk for what

A

PVD

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17
Q

WHAT IS COPD

A

Combination of bronchitis, and emphysema

Is results in inadequate ventilation problems and alveoli are hyperextended

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18
Q

A person suffering from COPD is at higher risk for developing what gas exchange problem

A

Respiratory acidosis because of expiratory problems

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19
Q

What lab might indicate COPD

A

Increased HCT levels due to lack of oxygen as a compensatory measure
Sputum cultures in the am
ABGs

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20
Q

For a person suffering from COPD exasperation what would the nurse expect to be administered

A

IV fluids
Albuterol
Bronchodilators/Symbicort

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21
Q

What is the max amt of oxygen supplementation that can be given to a COPD client

A

No more than 3L should be administered they have adjusted to the decreased oxygen level

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22
Q

What is a drug that can help treat COPD

A

Corticocosteroids

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23
Q

What are Meds used to treat pneumonia

A 
Antibiotics
Hydration
Probiotics
Mucinex
Expectorants
Obtain a sputum culture
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24
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease

A

It is erosion of the mucous membranes
Peptic ulcers are more likely to occur in the duodenum
They are caused by the bacteria H-pylori

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25
Q

What are signs and symptoms of PUD

A

Dull gnawing pain
Heartburn
Constipation
Diarrhea

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26
Q

What are meds used to treat PUD

A 
Flagyl
Amoxicillin
PPIs
Bis though salts ( Pepto bismol) 
Eat less acidic foods and avoid aspirin
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27
Q

What are complications of PUD

A

Hemmorhage
Severe abdominal pain
Radiating pain that may go to shoulder, peritonitis can develop within a few hours with perforation, the abdomen will appear board like

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28
Q

What is systemic lupus

A

It is an autoimmune disease more prone in woman
It affects all body organs.
The butterfly rash across the bridge of the nose is the ,out common feature. Anorexia, malaise, and wt. loss can occur.

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29
Q

What are risk factors for systemic lupus

A

Oral contraceptives

Hormone replacement therapy after menopause

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30
Q

For drug induced SLE, what med should be administered

A

Procainamide

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31
Q

What classes of drugs can increase diverticulosis

A

Steroids
Opiods
NSAIDS

32
Q

What are a few treatments of diverticulosis

A

Consume broccoli, beans, eat foods high in fiber, Metamucil

33
Q

What labs indicate diverticulosis

A

Elevated ESR

34
Q

For acute diverticulosis what should NOT be administered

A

DO NOT ADMINISTER A BARIUM ENEMA

35
Q

What labs indicate perforation

A

Elevated ESR

36
Q

for Crohn’s where would the person report pain

A

RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT

37
Q

For ulcerative colitis, where would the pt report pain

A

They would report pain in the left lower quadrant

38
Q

For a person diagnosed with Crohns, how will the bowel appear

A

It will look fatty ( steatorrhea)

39
Q

Are smokers at greater risk of developing ulcerative colitis

A

Non smokes typically develop ulcerative colitis, while smokers tend to develop Crohn’s

40
Q

What are signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis

A

Mucus, pus rectal bleeding, rebound tenderness

41
Q

What labs indicate IBD ( crohns, ulcerative colitis)

A

H&H will be decreased

ESR will be increased
WBC will be increased
CRP will be increased

42
Q

What are meds to treat IBD

A 
Sulfonamides 
Corticocosteroids 
Antidiarrheals
Immunomodulators 
Anticholinergics
43
Q

What are surgical procedure to treat ulcerative colitis

A

Colectomy- illeostomy

44
Q

What are surgical procedure to treat Crohn’s disease

A

Structuroplasty

Repair of fistulas

45
Q

What is BPH

A

Enlargement of prostate gland- constricts urethra causing decreased output of urine
It may occur if a person drinks alcohol, smokes, has elevated levels of testerone, and estrogen.
I typically occurs in men after age 40

46
Q

What are findings of BPH

A

Blood in urine
Enlargement of prostate can be indicative of prostate cancer
Check PSA levels

47
Q

What are tests for BPH

A

TURP

3 way catheter (COUDE)

48
Q

What is MS

A

Development of plaque
No known cure
No known cause
Remission of relapses

49
Q

What are signs and symptoms of MS

A

Weakness, vision changes, urinary retention,

50
Q

What are meds for MS

A

Immunosuppressants
Corticocosteroids
Immunomodulators ( decrease the body’s response to infection)

51
Q

What ais e signs and symptoms of RA

A

Joint stiffness

Inability to move

52
Q

What are complications of RA

A

RA nodules

53
Q

What are meds used to treat RA

A

NSAIDS

Immunosuppressants

54
Q

What meds can cause hearing loss

A

Aminoglycosides ( gentamicin)

Tylenol can cause hearing loss

55
Q

What are cataracts

A

It is an opacity in the lens of an eye causing visual impairment.
The vision is cloudy

56
Q

What are the 3 types of cataracts

A

Subcapsular- begins at the back of the lens
Nuclear- forms in the center nucleus of eye
Cortical- forms in the lens cortex and extends from outside of the lens to the center

57
Q

Can cataracts be fixed

A

By surgical intervention, it can be fixed

58
Q

What med can be used to treat glaucoma

A

Timolol

59
Q

Glaucoma results from what

A

Increased intraocular pressure resulting in vision impairments

60
Q

Osteoporosis results from what deficiencies

A

Lack of calcium and vitamin D
It usually occurs at the onset of menopause
It eventually results in total bone loss

61
Q

What meds can be used for osteoporosis

A

Take bi phosphates
Actonel
Boniva ( monthly)

62
Q

Does Parkinson’s generally affect more males or females

A

It affects more males

63
Q

What 2 meds are given concurrently to treat Parkinson’s

A

Levodopa and carbidopa

64
Q

What is true of Parkinson’s disease

A

Resistive movements, shuffling gait, jerking of foot
GI-slows down resulting in constipation
Dysphagia- prevent aspiration by providing thickened liquids, purée food.
Dysarthria- difficulty speaking/ strength training facial muscles

65
Q

DJD

A

Degenerative joint disease- destruction of cartilage ( continous) after cartilage destruction, it moves onto bone.

66
Q

Can a person undo damage to there joints

A

You really can’t undo damage to your joints. Supplements ca help, there more like a placebo effect because the joints are already destroyed. NSAIDS can relieve pain but there is no cure. Only pain management

67
Q

What are diagnostics for OA

A

Bone scans, check for bone spurts

68
Q

What population is OA typically seen in

A

Athletes

69
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

Affects more woman than men especially postmenopausal
There are 2 major groups
1. Primary- hormonal changes
2. Secondary- 2nd to other diseases

70
Q

What decreases in addition to estrogen and testosterone

A

So does bone metabolism

71
Q

What are signs and symptoms of osteoporosis

A

Bone pain
Weakness
Fractures

72
Q

What is treatment of osteoporosis

A

Glucocorticoids- meds can prevent osteoclasts from absorbing the bone ( Fosamax) is given once per week.
Consume Foods high in calcium

73
Q

What is a external fixator

A

A external metal frame attached to bone fragments to stabilize them.

74
Q

What is emphysema

A

It is characterized by the loss of lung elasticity and hyperinflation of lung tissue

75
Q

Who is not eligible for a bone densiometry test

A

Preg woman
Metal plates
Claustrophobia

med surg (19 decks)

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