Med Surg Final Flashcards
Macular degeneration
Often called age related macular degeneration ( AMD)
Is the central loss of vision that affects the macula of the eye.
It has no cure
It is the #1 cause of vision loss in ppl over 60
Yellow spots will appear in the field of vision
Two types of macular degeneration are…..
Dry macular - which is the most common
It is caused by a gradual blockage in the retinal capillary arteries, which results in the macula becoming ischemic and necrotic due to lack of retinal cells.
Wet macular - which is less common
It is caused by new growth of blood vessels that have thin walls and allow blood flow and fluid to leak from them
What are risk factors for dry macular degeneration
Smokers, family history, HTN, female, short body stature, diet lacking carotene and Vitamin A
What age can wet macular degeneration occur
It can occur at any age
reg u-100 is used for what
It is used as an insulin drip, do not use u-500 it would be too much
If a person has sugar in the urine, how will their urine appear
It will appear diluted
What are macro vascular complications
Stroke
How much sodium should a person consume
Less than 2gm a day
What is nitroglycerin used for
Angina
What is used to determine left ventricular hypertropthy
Echo
If a person of suffering from PVD, how should they position their limbs
Elevate extremities
What is PAD caused by
Atherosclerosis
What are signs and symptoms of PAD
Intermittent claudication
For PAD how should the limbs be positioned
Keep limbs dependent
Avoid crossing legs
Smoking promotes vascular constriction
What are MEDS for PAD and PVD
Anti platelets ( aspirin, plavix, clopidogrel,heparin, lovenox)
Someone who suffers from Varicose veins is at high risk for what
PVD
WHAT IS COPD
Combination of bronchitis, and emphysema
Is results in inadequate ventilation problems and alveoli are hyperextended
A person suffering from COPD is at higher risk for developing what gas exchange problem
Respiratory acidosis because of expiratory problems
What lab might indicate COPD
Increased HCT levels due to lack of oxygen as a compensatory measure
Sputum cultures in the am
ABGs
For a person suffering from COPD exasperation what would the nurse expect to be administered
IV fluids
Albuterol
Bronchodilators/Symbicort
What is the max amt of oxygen supplementation that can be given to a COPD client
No more than 3L should be administered they have adjusted to the decreased oxygen level
What is a drug that can help treat COPD
Corticocosteroids
What are Meds used to treat pneumonia
Antibiotics Hydration Probiotics Mucinex Expectorants Obtain a sputum culture
What is peptic ulcer disease
It is erosion of the mucous membranes
Peptic ulcers are more likely to occur in the duodenum
They are caused by the bacteria H-pylori
What are signs and symptoms of PUD
Dull gnawing pain
Heartburn
Constipation
Diarrhea
What are meds used to treat PUD
Flagyl Amoxicillin PPIs Bis though salts ( Pepto bismol) Eat less acidic foods and avoid aspirin
What are complications of PUD
Hemmorhage
Severe abdominal pain
Radiating pain that may go to shoulder, peritonitis can develop within a few hours with perforation, the abdomen will appear board like
What is systemic lupus
It is an autoimmune disease more prone in woman
It affects all body organs.
The butterfly rash across the bridge of the nose is the ,out common feature. Anorexia, malaise, and wt. loss can occur.
What are risk factors for systemic lupus
Oral contraceptives
Hormone replacement therapy after menopause
For drug induced SLE, what med should be administered
Procainamide
What classes of drugs can increase diverticulosis
Steroids
Opiods
NSAIDS
What are a few treatments of diverticulosis
Consume broccoli, beans, eat foods high in fiber, Metamucil
What labs indicate diverticulosis
Elevated ESR
For acute diverticulosis what should NOT be administered
DO NOT ADMINISTER A BARIUM ENEMA
What labs indicate perforation
Elevated ESR
for Crohn’s where would the person report pain
RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT
For ulcerative colitis, where would the pt report pain
They would report pain in the left lower quadrant
For a person diagnosed with Crohns, how will the bowel appear
It will look fatty ( steatorrhea)
Are smokers at greater risk of developing ulcerative colitis
Non smokes typically develop ulcerative colitis, while smokers tend to develop Crohn’s
What are signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis
Mucus, pus rectal bleeding, rebound tenderness
What labs indicate IBD ( crohns, ulcerative colitis)
H&H will be decreased
ESR will be increased
WBC will be increased
CRP will be increased
What are meds to treat IBD
Sulfonamides Corticocosteroids Antidiarrheals Immunomodulators Anticholinergics
What are surgical procedure to treat ulcerative colitis
Colectomy- illeostomy
What are surgical procedure to treat Crohn’s disease
Structuroplasty
Repair of fistulas
What is BPH
Enlargement of prostate gland- constricts urethra causing decreased output of urine
It may occur if a person drinks alcohol, smokes, has elevated levels of testerone, and estrogen.
I typically occurs in men after age 40
What are findings of BPH
Blood in urine
Enlargement of prostate can be indicative of prostate cancer
Check PSA levels
What are tests for BPH
TURP
3 way catheter (COUDE)
What is MS
Development of plaque
No known cure
No known cause
Remission of relapses
What are signs and symptoms of MS
Weakness, vision changes, urinary retention,
What are meds for MS
Immunosuppressants
Corticocosteroids
Immunomodulators ( decrease the body’s response to infection)
What ais e signs and symptoms of RA
Joint stiffness
Inability to move
What are complications of RA
RA nodules
What are meds used to treat RA
NSAIDS
Immunosuppressants
What meds can cause hearing loss
Aminoglycosides ( gentamicin)
Tylenol can cause hearing loss
What are cataracts
It is an opacity in the lens of an eye causing visual impairment.
The vision is cloudy
What are the 3 types of cataracts
Subcapsular- begins at the back of the lens
Nuclear- forms in the center nucleus of eye
Cortical- forms in the lens cortex and extends from outside of the lens to the center
Can cataracts be fixed
By surgical intervention, it can be fixed
What med can be used to treat glaucoma
Timolol
Glaucoma results from what
Increased intraocular pressure resulting in vision impairments
Osteoporosis results from what deficiencies
Lack of calcium and vitamin D
It usually occurs at the onset of menopause
It eventually results in total bone loss
What meds can be used for osteoporosis
Take bi phosphates
Actonel
Boniva ( monthly)
Does Parkinson’s generally affect more males or females
It affects more males
What 2 meds are given concurrently to treat Parkinson’s
Levodopa and carbidopa
What is true of Parkinson’s disease
Resistive movements, shuffling gait, jerking of foot
GI-slows down resulting in constipation
Dysphagia- prevent aspiration by providing thickened liquids, purée food.
Dysarthria- difficulty speaking/ strength training facial muscles
DJD
Degenerative joint disease- destruction of cartilage ( continous) after cartilage destruction, it moves onto bone.
Can a person undo damage to there joints
You really can’t undo damage to your joints. Supplements ca help, there more like a placebo effect because the joints are already destroyed. NSAIDS can relieve pain but there is no cure. Only pain management
What are diagnostics for OA
Bone scans, check for bone spurts
What population is OA typically seen in
Athletes
What is osteoporosis
Affects more woman than men especially postmenopausal
There are 2 major groups
1. Primary- hormonal changes
2. Secondary- 2nd to other diseases
What decreases in addition to estrogen and testosterone
So does bone metabolism
What are signs and symptoms of osteoporosis
Bone pain
Weakness
Fractures
What is treatment of osteoporosis
Glucocorticoids- meds can prevent osteoclasts from absorbing the bone ( Fosamax) is given once per week.
Consume Foods high in calcium
What is a external fixator
A external metal frame attached to bone fragments to stabilize them.
What is emphysema
It is characterized by the loss of lung elasticity and hyperinflation of lung tissue
Who is not eligible for a bone densiometry test
Preg woman
Metal plates
Claustrophobia
