Med Surg Ch. 31 Flashcards
Acute Chest Syndrome
a unique manifestation of sickle cell disease. A type of pneumonia triggered by decreased hemoglobin. (A vaso-occlusive crisis of the pulmonary vasculature.) Characterized by resp symptoms (coughing, wheezing, tachypnea, and chest pain).
Agranulocytosis
refers specifically to a decreased production of granulocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. Leads to an increased risk for infection.
Anemia
deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin.
Aplasia
failure to develop.
Aplastic Anemia
more than just a deficiency of erythrocytes; consequence of inadequate stem cell production in the bone marrow. Pancytopenia occurs.
Blood Dyscrasias
abnormalities in the numbers and types of blood cells.
CLL
Acute and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemias; result from bone marrow dysfunction that affects lymphoid stem cells.
CML
Acute and Chronic Myelogenous Leukemias; primarily result from bone marrow dysfunction myeloid stem cells.
Chelation Therapy
process in which heavy metals, such as iron, are pharmacologically removed from the blood to prevent organ damage and death. Deferoxamine and Deferasirox admin. by IV or subcu to bind with excess iron facilitating urinary excretion. PO: Deferiprone.
Coagulopathy
bleeding disorders that involve platelets or clotting factors; conditions in which a component that is necessary to control bleeding is missing or inadequate. Two common examples are thrombocytopenia and hemophilia.
Erythrocytosis
an increase in circulating erythrocytes. Normal in people who live in high altitudes. Can be a symptom of other conditions/diseases.
Folic Acid-Deficiency Anemia
characterized by immature erythrocytes. Caused by insufficient dietary intake of B9 (folate). Common amongst: older adults, alcoholism, intestinal disorders that affect food absorption, malignant disorders, certain drugs, and chronic illnesses.
Graft-vs-Host Disease
complication of bone marrow transplant; condition in which the foreign donor cells destroy the recipient’s tissues and organs. To mitigate issue: patient remains in hospital for several weeks under observation after transplant.
Heme
pigmented, iron-containing portion of hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin A (HbA)
a normal form of hemoglobin. Eventually replaces HbF.
Hemoglobin F (HbF)
Fetal hemoglobin. Present during intrauterine development through six months of age.
Hemoglobin Polymerization
occurs in sickle-cell anemia population. Reversible. The formation of crystal-like rods that change the biconcave rbc into an irregular, brittle, sticky, sickle-shaped cell. Potentiates vascular occlusion with local tissue ischemia and cellular hypoxia. If happens repeatedly, damage to the membranes of affected cells. Caused by deoxygenation (factors include exposure to cold, dehydration, and infections).
Hemoglobin S (HbS)
an abnormal form of hemoglobin. Eventually replaces HbF (instead of HbA) in individuals with sickle cell anemia.
Hemolytic Anemia
chronic, premature destruction of erythrocytes. Generic term. Consequence of a wide variety of conditions (acquired, inherited, or idiopathic).
Hemophilia
a disorder involving an absence or reduction of a clotting factor. Three types: A, B, and C. A: m. common; deficiency of factor VIII; von Willebrand’s disease is less severe version of this form. B: deficiency of factor IX; Christmas disease. C: deficiency of factor XI; Rosenthal’s disease.
Leukemia
any malignant blood disorder in which proliferation of leukocytes, usually in an immature form, is unregulated. Often accompanied by reduced rbc’s and platelets. There are four general types of leukemia.
Leukocytosis
an increased number of leukocytes above normal limits; typically serves as a protective mechanism in response to inflammation and healing; can be bad in some disease conditions (ie. Leukemia).
Leukopenia
general reduction of all WBS’s.
Multiple Myeloma
a malignancy involving plasma cells (B-lymphocytes) in bone marrow. Poor prognosis. Tx includes drugs, bone marrow transplant. The abnormal plasma cells proliferate in the bone marrow, release osteoclast-activating factor which increases the number of osteoclasts, leading to inc serum Ca and pathological fractures. Osteolytic tumors are observed. Also leads to renal failure, a dec in antibody fx., DVT, PE, and stroke. CRAB(Ca levels elevated, Renal insufficiency, Anemia, and Bone lesions).
Osteoclasts
cells that break down and remove bone cells. Increase serum Ca.
Osteolytic Tumors
formed by plasma cells. Produce a “punched-out” or “honeycombed” appearance in bones. Common in Multiple Myeloma.
Pancytopenia
refers to conditions in which numbers of all marrow-produced blood cells are reduced.
Pernicious Anemia
blood disorder that develops from a deficiency of Vitamin B12.
Phlebotomy
opening a vein to withdraw blood.
Polycythemia Vera
condition with greater than normal levels rbc’s, wbc’s, and platelets. No known cause. Associated with rapid proliferation of blood cells produced in the bone marrow. Can lead to hyperkalemia and increased uric acid. Complications: HTN, heart failure, stroke, tissue and organ infarction, and hemorrhage.
Purpura
small hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membrane, or subcu tissues; evidence of thrombocytopenia.
Sickle Cell Crisis
episodes that occur from vascular occlusion, which develops rapidly under hypoxic conditions. Vascular occlusion concerns: severe pain and stroke (even in small children).
Sickle Cell Disease
a type of anemia where rbc’s become sickle- or cresent-shaped when oxygen supply in the blood ins inadequate. Genetic. Common in AA, Mediteranean, and Middle Eastern countries. Two big issues: Sickle Cell Crisis and chronic Hemolytic Anemia.
Thalassemias
hereditary hemolytic anemias. Two groups: alpha (SE Asia, Africa) and beta (Mediterranean Islands and the Po Valley in Italy).
Thrombocytopenia
lower-than-normal number of platelets/thrombocytes.
