Med Surg Ch. 31

Question 1

Acute Chest Syndrome

Answer 1

a unique manifestation of sickle cell disease. A type of pneumonia triggered by decreased hemoglobin. (A vaso-occlusive crisis of the pulmonary vasculature.) Characterized by resp symptoms (coughing, wheezing, tachypnea, and chest pain).

Question 2

Agranulocytosis

Answer 2

refers specifically to a decreased production of granulocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. Leads to an increased risk for infection.

Question 3

Anemia

Answer 3

deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin.

Question 4

Aplasia

Answer 4

failure to develop.

Question 5

Aplastic Anemia

Answer 5

more than just a deficiency of erythrocytes; consequence of inadequate stem cell production in the bone marrow. Pancytopenia occurs.

Question 6

Blood Dyscrasias

Answer 6

abnormalities in the numbers and types of blood cells.

Question 7

CLL

Answer 7

Acute and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemias; result from bone marrow dysfunction that affects lymphoid stem cells.

Question 8

CML

Answer 8

Acute and Chronic Myelogenous Leukemias; primarily result from bone marrow dysfunction myeloid stem cells.

Question 9

Chelation Therapy

Answer 9

process in which heavy metals, such as iron, are pharmacologically removed from the blood to prevent organ damage and death. Deferoxamine and Deferasirox admin. by IV or subcu to bind with excess iron facilitating urinary excretion. PO: Deferiprone.

Question 10

Coagulopathy

Answer 10

bleeding disorders that involve platelets or clotting factors; conditions in which a component that is necessary to control bleeding is missing or inadequate. Two common examples are thrombocytopenia and hemophilia.

Question 11

Erythrocytosis

Answer 11

an increase in circulating erythrocytes. Normal in people who live in high altitudes. Can be a symptom of other conditions/diseases.

Question 12

Folic Acid-Deficiency Anemia

Answer 12

characterized by immature erythrocytes. Caused by insufficient dietary intake of B9 (folate). Common amongst: older adults, alcoholism, intestinal disorders that affect food absorption, malignant disorders, certain drugs, and chronic illnesses.

Question 13

Graft-vs-Host Disease

Answer 13

complication of bone marrow transplant; condition in which the foreign donor cells destroy the recipient’s tissues and organs. To mitigate issue: patient remains in hospital for several weeks under observation after transplant.

Question 14

Heme

Answer 14

pigmented, iron-containing portion of hemoglobin.

Question 15

Hemoglobin A (HbA)

Answer 15

a normal form of hemoglobin. Eventually replaces HbF.

Question 16

Hemoglobin F (HbF)

Answer 16

Fetal hemoglobin. Present during intrauterine development through six months of age.

Question 17

Hemoglobin Polymerization

Answer 17

occurs in sickle-cell anemia population. Reversible. The formation of crystal-like rods that change the biconcave rbc into an irregular, brittle, sticky, sickle-shaped cell. Potentiates vascular occlusion with local tissue ischemia and cellular hypoxia. If happens repeatedly, damage to the membranes of affected cells. Caused by deoxygenation (factors include exposure to cold, dehydration, and infections).

Question 18

Hemoglobin S (HbS)

Answer 18

an abnormal form of hemoglobin. Eventually replaces HbF (instead of HbA) in individuals with sickle cell anemia.

Question 19

Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 19

chronic, premature destruction of erythrocytes. Generic term. Consequence of a wide variety of conditions (acquired, inherited, or idiopathic).

Question 20

Hemophilia

Answer 20

a disorder involving an absence or reduction of a clotting factor. Three types: A, B, and C. A: m. common; deficiency of factor VIII; von Willebrand’s disease is less severe version of this form. B: deficiency of factor IX; Christmas disease. C: deficiency of factor XI; Rosenthal’s disease.

Question 21

Leukemia

Answer 21

any malignant blood disorder in which proliferation of leukocytes, usually in an immature form, is unregulated. Often accompanied by reduced rbc’s and platelets. There are four general types of leukemia.

Question 22

Leukocytosis

Answer 22

an increased number of leukocytes above normal limits; typically serves as a protective mechanism in response to inflammation and healing; can be bad in some disease conditions (ie. Leukemia).

Question 23

Leukopenia

Answer 23

general reduction of all WBS’s.

Question 24

Multiple Myeloma

Answer 24

a malignancy involving plasma cells (B-lymphocytes) in bone marrow. Poor prognosis. Tx includes drugs, bone marrow transplant. The abnormal plasma cells proliferate in the bone marrow, release osteoclast-activating factor which increases the number of osteoclasts, leading to inc serum Ca and pathological fractures. Osteolytic tumors are observed. Also leads to renal failure, a dec in antibody fx., DVT, PE, and stroke. CRAB(Ca levels elevated, Renal insufficiency, Anemia, and Bone lesions).

Question 25

Osteoclasts

Answer 25

cells that break down and remove bone cells. Increase serum Ca.

Question 26

Osteolytic Tumors

Answer 26

formed by plasma cells. Produce a “punched-out” or “honeycombed” appearance in bones. Common in Multiple Myeloma.

Question 27

Pancytopenia

Answer 27

refers to conditions in which numbers of all marrow-produced blood cells are reduced.

Question 28

Pernicious Anemia

Answer 28

blood disorder that develops from a deficiency of Vitamin B12.

Question 29

Phlebotomy

Answer 29

opening a vein to withdraw blood.

Question 30

Polycythemia Vera

Answer 30

condition with greater than normal levels rbc’s, wbc’s, and platelets. No known cause. Associated with rapid proliferation of blood cells produced in the bone marrow. Can lead to hyperkalemia and increased uric acid. Complications: HTN, heart failure, stroke, tissue and organ infarction, and hemorrhage.

Question 31

Purpura

Answer 31

small hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membrane, or subcu tissues; evidence of thrombocytopenia.

Question 32

Sickle Cell Crisis

Answer 32

episodes that occur from vascular occlusion, which develops rapidly under hypoxic conditions. Vascular occlusion concerns: severe pain and stroke (even in small children).

Question 33

Sickle Cell Disease

Answer 33

a type of anemia where rbc’s become sickle- or cresent-shaped when oxygen supply in the blood ins inadequate. Genetic. Common in AA, Mediteranean, and Middle Eastern countries. Two big issues: Sickle Cell Crisis and chronic Hemolytic Anemia.

Question 34

Thalassemias

Answer 34

hereditary hemolytic anemias. Two groups: alpha (SE Asia, Africa) and beta (Mediterranean Islands and the Po Valley in Italy).

Question 35

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 35

lower-than-normal number of platelets/thrombocytes.