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NCNZ state exam prep > Med (normal, cardiac and resp) > Flashcards

Med (normal, cardiac and resp) Flashcards

1
Q

Normal body temp

A

36 degrees

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2
Q

Normal HR

A

60-100 BPM

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3
Q

Normal resp rate

A

16- 20 BPM

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4
Q

Normal BP

A

approx 120/80 mmHg

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5
Q

How is pain measured

A

numeric pain scale

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6
Q

What does delayed skin turgor indicate

A

potential dehydration

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7
Q

ffaundice is?

A

yellow tinged colour of the skin is caused nby liver disease

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8
Q

what is erythma

A

redness to an effected area

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9
Q

what is cyanosis

A

blue-tinged colour commonly seen of finger tips or toes - low 02 circulation

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10
Q

What is normal urine output

A

at least 30ml every hour

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11
Q

Blood gas, Normal pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

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12
Q

Blood gas, normal PaCo2

A

35-45 mmHg

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13
Q

Blood gas, normal Pa02

A

80-100mmHg

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14
Q

Blood gas normal HCO3

A

22-26 mEq/L

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15
Q

Normal sodium

A

135-145 mEg/L

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16
Q

Normal potassium

A

3.5-5.0 mEg/L

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17
Q

Normal magnesium

A

1.5-2.6 mg/dL

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18
Q

normal phosphorus

A

2.7 - 4.5 mg/dL

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19
Q

normal calcium

A

8.6 - 10.4 mg/dL

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20
Q

What is hypovolemia + symptoms

A

dehydration
increased HR, decreased BP, low UO

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21
Q

what is hypervolemia + symptoms

A

excess of fluid, swelling
crackles in lungs, bounding pulse, weight gain, increased BP

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22
Q

what is hypokalaemia + causes it and symptoms ?

A

pottasium below 3.5 mEg/L can be caased by vommiting, diarrhoea

symptoms: irreg pulse, arrhythmia, muscle weakness and cramping

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23
Q

what is hyperkalaemia + symptoms

A

pottasium above 5.0 mEq/L

slow HR, weakness, cardiac arrythmias, abdo cramps

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24
Q

what is hyponatremia + symptoms

A

sodium levels below 135 mEg/L

headache, confusion, abdo cramps, muscle cramps, nausea

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25
Q

what is hypernatremia + symptoms

A

sodium levels above 145 mEg/L

oedema, weigh gain, thirst, wekaness and fatigue

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26
Q

What is isotonic solutions used for + examples

A

treats dehydration and metabolic acidosis

  • 0.9% sodium chloride
  • Lactated ringers solutin
  • 5% dextrose in water (D5W)
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27
Q

what is a hypotonic solution used for + examples

A

low osmotic pressure treating oedema and hypotension

-0.455 normal saline
- 5% dextrose

28
Q

what is hypertonic solution used for + examples

A

high osmotic pressure and are used to treat blood loss, hypovolemia and hyponatremia

  • dextrose 5% in any of
    0.9% or 0.45% normal saline or lactated ringers
29
Q

what are the three factors that affect cardiac output

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

30
Q

what three factors determine stroke volume

A

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

31
Q

Examples of beta blockers

A

atenolol, metoprolol, carvedilol

32
Q

Mechanism of action of beta blockers

A

decreases cardiac output by acting on beta 1 receptors

33
Q

ACE inhibtor examples

34
Q

MoA of ACE inhibitors

A

dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow

35
Q

what is the MoA of calcium channel blockers

A

dilate blood vessels

36
Q

MoA of diuretics

A

increase UO, decreases total blood volume = Decreases BP

37
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

build up of fats,, cholesterol and other substances on the artery walls which restricts blood flow

38
Q

common anticoagulants and MoA

A

heparin, warfarin, rivaroxaban, dabigatrin

inhibit hepatic synthesis of vitamin K dependent coag factors

39
Q

common antiplatelets + MoA

A

aspirin, clopidogrel

decreases platelet aggregation and inhibits thrombus formation in their arterial circulation

40
Q

What is angina caused by

A

build up of lactic acid caused by ischaemia of the cardiac muscle pain may also be reffered to jaw, left arm `

41
Q

what is the first line therapy for angina and MoA

A

GTN spray

relaxation of vascular smooth muscles

42
Q

what is MI caused by

A

plaque within coronary circulation is displaced causing activation of the clotting cascade and formation of thrombus

43
Q

medical interventions for MI
(MONA)

A

Morphine: pain relief and reduces anxiety

02: only if sats drop below 95%

nitroglycerin: vasodilation

Aspirin: antiplatlet

44
Q

CHF - left sided
patho + symptoms

A

blood pools and congests in a backward effect via left atria into pulmonary veins

  • restlessness, tachy, fatigue, orthopnea
45
Q

CHF - Right sided

patho +symptoms

A

Fluid pools and causes backwards effects and oedema

  • fatigue, increased PVP, GI distress, oedema
46
Q

What is A-Fib

A

irregular and often rapid heart rhythm where the atria beat chaotically and irregularly

47
Q

what is A-Flutter

A

Causeb by one or more rapid circuits in the atrium
- more organised and regular than a-fib

48
Q

What is V-Tach

A

rapid, regular heart rhytm originating from ventricles.
- prevents the heart from filling adequately with blood

49
Q

What is V-fib

A

an erratic, disorganised firing of impulses from the ventricles, causes ventricles to quiver

50
Q

What is sepsis

A

Life threatning organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response to infection

51
Q

common symptoms of sepsis

A

fever, tachycardia, diaphoresis, tachypnoea

52
Q

What is a pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung or partial collapsed lung caused by air entering the pleural cavity

53
Q

what are the types of pneumothorax

A
  • spontaneous
  • iatrogenic
  • traumatic
  • tension
    -haemothorax
    -chylothorax
54
Q

Symptoms of pneumothorax

A

mild tahcy, dyspnoea,resp distress, chest pain and cough
no auscultation sounds

55
Q

What is a pleural effusion

A

the build up of excess fluid within the pleura

56
Q

symptoms of pleural effusion

A

dry unproductive cough
difficulty breathing
fever
chest pain

57
Q

What is cor pumonale

A

enlargment of the right ventricle cause by a primary disorder of the resp system
- causes HTN in lungs

58
Q

What is COPD

A

airflow limitation and persistent resp symptoms due to airway/alveolar abnormalities

59
Q

What is emphysema characterised by

A

-affects aveoli

abnormal permanent enlargement of the airways and destruction of the alveolar walls

60
Q

What is chronic bronchitis characterised by

A
  • affects bronchioles

mucosa of the bronchioles becomes severely inflamed causing narrowing and excessive amounts of mucus

61
Q

what is CF

A

an over secretion of thick mucus which clogs the respiratory passages and increases risk of resp infections

62
Q

What is pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lungs usually caused by bacteria, viruses or other organisms
- fluid secretes into the lungs preventing airflow to alveoli

63
Q

What is pulmonary embolsim

A

occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus, most commonly derived from DVT

64
Q

VIRCHOWS TRIAD - PE

A
  1. venous stasis
  2. hypercoagubaility
  3. Injuries to endothelial cells
65
Q

What is asthma

A

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa that causes bronchial hyper responsiveness

NCNZ state exam prep (5 decks)

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