Med (Neuro, GI, Ortho) Flashcards
What are somatic reflexes
reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles
- e.g touching a hot object
What are autonomic reflexes
reflexes that regulate body function
What are meninges
three connective tissue membranes covering an protecting the CNS structures
Explain the blood-brain barrier
if the brain was exposed to chemical changes, uncontrolled neural activity might result
What is meningitis
inflammation fo the rbain or spinal cord caused by bacteria viruses etc.
- different treatment for each organism
symoroms of bacterial meningitis
fever, tachy and chills
throbbing headached, photophobia
increased ICP
What is encephalitis
an acute febrile viral illness with nervous involvment . Herpes 1 is most common cause
What is TBI
Impact, penetration or rapid movement of the brain within the skull that results in altered mental state
What is the GCS, what does the scoring mean
Neuro examination
- higher scores (14,15) predict better recovery
What is a stroke
heterogenous group of disorders involving sudden, focal interruption of cerebral blood flow
Define an ischemic stroke
sudden neurological defecits that result from focal cerebral ischaemia
define a TIA
focal brain ischaemia that causes sudden, transient neurological deficits
define intracerebral haemorrhage
focal bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain
define subarachnoid haemorrhage
sudden bleeding into the subarachnoid space
What is the stroke warning signs (FAST)
F- facial dropping
A- arm, unable to lift both
S- speech, slurred speech and not understaning
T- time, is critical call for help
What is epilepsy
chronic brain disorder characterised by reccurent seizure s that are unprovoked
Signs and symptoms of a seizure
an aura may precede seizures
Interventions for seizures
elimination of the cuase
do not touch and roll on left side to prevent aspiration
what is multiple sclerosis
chronic inflammatory disease involving degeneration of CNS myelin, caused by autoimmune response to self or microbial agents
What is the function of ingestion
food being placed into the mouth
What is the function of propulsion
to be processed by more than one digestive organ foods must be propelled from one organ to the next
Food breakdown (mechanical)
Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue churning of food in the stomach
food breakdown (digestion)
the sequence of steps in which large food molecules are chemically broken down
What is the function of absorbtion
transport of the end products by the lumen of the gI tract to the blood or lympoh
what is the function of defaction
the elimination of indigestible residues from the GI tract via the anus in the form of faeces
What are the two types of peptic ulcers
superficial, erode the mucosa but do not penetrate
true ulcer, extend through the muscular mucosa and damage blood vessels causing haemorrhage
What is colorectal cancer
most often occurs as transformation within adenomatous polyps
what is appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix which is a projection from the apex of the cecum.
What is post-op paralytic ileus
inhibitory neural reflexes caused by postoperative adhesions leading to distension caused by impaired absorption/
What is jaundice
yellowish discolouration of the skin and mucus membranes cuased by hyperbilirubenia.
What is acute pancreatitis
acute inflammation of the pancreas most commonly triggered by gallstones and alcohol intake
What is chronic pancreatitis
persistent inflammation of the pancreas that results in permanent structural damage with fibrosis and ductal structures
What is ulcerative collitis
a chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucousa
What is chrons disease
an idiopathic inflammatory disorder than affects any part of the GI tract
How is Hep -A transmited
faecal-roral route and contaminated foodsw
how is hep-b transmitted
IV needkes, unproc sex, bodily fluids, blood products
how is hep c transmitted
IV needles and mother to baby
What is a fracture defined as
break or injury in a bony structure caused by injury or fall
define a stable fracture
broekn ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place
define an open/ compound fracture
skin may be pierced by the bone
What is traction used for
to immobilise a fracture, maintain alignment and decrease muscle spasms
What is compartment syndrome
increased tissue pressure within a closed fascial space resulting in tissue ischaemia
- commonly aligned with pain out or proportion to the severity of the injury
what is osteoporosis
chronic and progressive bone disorder can be caused by low calcium levels and chronic steroid use
what is gout caused by
increased uric acid in the joints
What is rheumatoid athiritis
systemic and chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation
Phase 1 of wound healing consists of:
haemostasis
- inflammation
- inured tissue
- forms a dry scab
Phase 2 of wound healing consists of:
inflammation
During the inflammatory phase, damaged cells, pathogens, and bacteria are removed from the wound area.
The white blood cells, growth factors, nutrients and enzymes create the swelling, heat, pain and redness commonly seen during this stage of wound healing.
phase 3 of wound healing consits of:
proliferation:
The wound contracts as new tissues are built.
A new network of blood vessels must be constructed so that the granulation tissue can be healthy and receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients.
phase 4 of wound healing consists of
maturation
- remoddeling of the affected area
