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NCNZ state exam prep > Med (Neuro, GI, Ortho) > Flashcards

Med (Neuro, GI, Ortho) Flashcards

1
Q

What are somatic reflexes

A

reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles
- e.g touching a hot object

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2
Q

What are autonomic reflexes

A

reflexes that regulate body function

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3
Q

What are meninges

A

three connective tissue membranes covering an protecting the CNS structures

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4
Q

Explain the blood-brain barrier

A

if the brain was exposed to chemical changes, uncontrolled neural activity might result

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5
Q

What is meningitis

A

inflammation fo the rbain or spinal cord caused by bacteria viruses etc.
- different treatment for each organism

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6
Q

symoroms of bacterial meningitis

A

fever, tachy and chills
throbbing headached, photophobia
increased ICP

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7
Q

What is encephalitis

A

an acute febrile viral illness with nervous involvment . Herpes 1 is most common cause

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8
Q

What is TBI

A

Impact, penetration or rapid movement of the brain within the skull that results in altered mental state

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9
Q

What is the GCS, what does the scoring mean

A

Neuro examination
- higher scores (14,15) predict better recovery

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10
Q

What is a stroke

A

heterogenous group of disorders involving sudden, focal interruption of cerebral blood flow

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11
Q

Define an ischemic stroke

A

sudden neurological defecits that result from focal cerebral ischaemia

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12
Q

define a TIA

A

focal brain ischaemia that causes sudden, transient neurological deficits

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13
Q

define intracerebral haemorrhage

A

focal bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain

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14
Q

define subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

sudden bleeding into the subarachnoid space

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15
Q

What is the stroke warning signs (FAST)

A

F- facial dropping
A- arm, unable to lift both
S- speech, slurred speech and not understaning
T- time, is critical call for help

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16
Q

What is epilepsy

A

chronic brain disorder characterised by reccurent seizure s that are unprovoked

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17
Q

Signs and symptoms of a seizure

A

an aura may precede seizures

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18
Q

Interventions for seizures

A

elimination of the cuase
do not touch and roll on left side to prevent aspiration

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19
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

chronic inflammatory disease involving degeneration of CNS myelin, caused by autoimmune response to self or microbial agents

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20
Q

What is the function of ingestion

A

food being placed into the mouth

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21
Q

What is the function of propulsion

A

to be processed by more than one digestive organ foods must be propelled from one organ to the next

22
Q

Food breakdown (mechanical)

A

Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue churning of food in the stomach

23
Q

food breakdown (digestion)

A

the sequence of steps in which large food molecules are chemically broken down

24
Q

What is the function of absorbtion

A

transport of the end products by the lumen of the gI tract to the blood or lympoh

25
Q

what is the function of defaction

A

the elimination of indigestible residues from the GI tract via the anus in the form of faeces

26
Q

What are the two types of peptic ulcers

A

superficial, erode the mucosa but do not penetrate

true ulcer, extend through the muscular mucosa and damage blood vessels causing haemorrhage

27
Q

What is colorectal cancer

A

most often occurs as transformation within adenomatous polyps

28
Q

what is appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix which is a projection from the apex of the cecum.

29
Q

What is post-op paralytic ileus

A

inhibitory neural reflexes caused by postoperative adhesions leading to distension caused by impaired absorption/

30
Q

What is jaundice

A

yellowish discolouration of the skin and mucus membranes cuased by hyperbilirubenia.

31
Q

What is acute pancreatitis

A

acute inflammation of the pancreas most commonly triggered by gallstones and alcohol intake

32
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis

A

persistent inflammation of the pancreas that results in permanent structural damage with fibrosis and ductal structures

33
Q

What is ulcerative collitis

A

a chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucousa

34
Q

What is chrons disease

A

an idiopathic inflammatory disorder than affects any part of the GI tract

35
Q

How is Hep -A transmited

A

faecal-roral route and contaminated foodsw

36
Q

how is hep-b transmitted

A

IV needkes, unproc sex, bodily fluids, blood products

37
Q

how is hep c transmitted

A

IV needles and mother to baby

38
Q

What is a fracture defined as

A

break or injury in a bony structure caused by injury or fall

39
Q

define a stable fracture

A

broekn ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place

40
Q

define an open/ compound fracture

A

skin may be pierced by the bone

41
Q

What is traction used for

A

to immobilise a fracture, maintain alignment and decrease muscle spasms

42
Q

What is compartment syndrome

A

increased tissue pressure within a closed fascial space resulting in tissue ischaemia

  • commonly aligned with pain out or proportion to the severity of the injury
43
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

chronic and progressive bone disorder can be caused by low calcium levels and chronic steroid use

44
Q

what is gout caused by

A

increased uric acid in the joints

45
Q

What is rheumatoid athiritis

A

systemic and chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation

46
Q

Phase 1 of wound healing consists of:

A

haemostasis

  • inflammation
  • inured tissue
  • forms a dry scab
47
Q

Phase 2 of wound healing consists of:

A

inflammation

During the inflammatory phase, damaged cells, pathogens, and bacteria are removed from the wound area.
The white blood cells, growth factors, nutrients and enzymes create the swelling, heat, pain and redness commonly seen during this stage of wound healing.

48
Q

phase 3 of wound healing consits of:

A

proliferation:

The wound contracts as new tissues are built.
A new network of blood vessels must be constructed so that the granulation tissue can be healthy and receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients.

49
Q

phase 4 of wound healing consists of

A

maturation
- remoddeling of the affected area

50
Q
A

NCNZ state exam prep (5 decks)

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