Med Micro Essential terms 1

Question 1

HPV

Answer 1

20 year incubation; infects keratinocytes via receptor-mediated endocytosis; spread by direct or indirect contact

Question 2

Robert Koch

Answer 2

Koch’s postulates: present in every case of disease; isolated from diseased individual; can cause disease in a new individual; and be isolated again from new individual

Question 3

Pathogenesis

Answer 3

steps involved in development of disease

Question 4

Pathogenicity

Answer 4

ability to cause disease

Question 5

Pathogen

Answer 5

microorganism capable of causing disease

Question 6

Pathology

Answer 6

study of structural and functional manifestations of disease

Question 7

Infection

Answer 7

colonization by a pathogen, not necessarily disease

Question 8

Infectious disease

Answer 8

diseases caused by microbe

Question 9

Triangle of relationships

Answer 9

Humans, drugs, microbes. All interacting, all evolving.

Question 10

Spreading factors

Answer 10

Invasins, enzymes that help pathogens move/invade tissues and gain entry

Question 11

Exotoxin

Answer 11

toxic but heat labile; some form pores in membranes

Question 12

Endotoxin

Answer 12

Lipid A or LPS in cell wall of gram negative bacteria; weak immunogen, so it’s bad;

Question 13

Immunogen

Answer 13

Something that creates an immune response??

Question 14

A-B Toxins

Answer 14

Two parts: A chain inhibits some cell functions; B chain binds and helps A enter. In cholera

Question 15

Virulence

Answer 15

combination of invasiveness and toxigenicity producing the ability to overcome host defenses and cause disease

Question 16

LD50

Answer 16

Used to test virulence. the # of bacteria to kill half of a population

Question 17

Mononuclear cells?

Answer 17

Monocytes in blood, dendritic cells in tissues. Secrete or are attracted by cytokines

Question 18

Neutrophil

Answer 18

A type of granulocyte; lactoferrin, defensins, other chems; Phagocytize pathogens, Capable of diapedesis

Question 19

Opsonizing

Answer 19

Done by ABs and other molecules, enhance phagocytosis

Question 20

Agglutinating?

Answer 20

cells or particles are cross linked with specific antibodies, form an immune complex; becomes less soluble and eventually precipitate out of solution

Question 21

Communicability?

Answer 21

Depends on: source (dormant - carriers); # infectious agents released from host; capability of surviving transit b/w hosts; Percent of host population susceptible

Question 22

Mutualism

Answer 22

Both benefit, sometimes cannot live without the other (bacteria in colon)

Question 23

Commensalism

Answer 23

One benefits but the other gets no pros and cons (bacteria on skin)

Question 24

Parasitism

Answer 24

One benefits while harming the other (TB in lungs)

Question 25

Resident flora

Answer 25

Usually mutualistic, don’t invade, just naturally present

Question 26

Transient flora

Answer 26

Don’t stay very long body, eliminated by competition with others, can’t resist body’s defense, same locations as residents

Question 27

Opportunistic pathogen

Answer 27

Lack virulence factors; only cause disease if introduced by parenteral route or if immune system is weakened

Question 28

Symptoms

Answer 28

Subjective, how the patient feels etc like nausea, headache

Question 29

Signs

Answer 29

Objective indications, like fever, vomiting, etc

Question 30

Syndrome

Answer 30

Collection of signs and symptoms typical for a specific disease.

Question 31

Dead end host

Answer 31

Doesn’t pass on the pathogen to someone else

Question 32

Incubation period

Answer 32

Initial colonization, no symptoms, adaptive immunity starting; Depends on Infectious dose, site of infection, general health of host, nature of pathogen (some are fast, some slow), virulence factors

Question 33

Prodromal period?

Answer 33

Mild symptoms and signs, not always present!

Question 34

Illness

Answer 34

Peak of signs and symptoms,

Question 35

Decline

Answer 35

Signs and symptoms decreasing, immune system is winning now

Question 36

Convalescence

Answer 36

Cleaning up, length depends on energy needed to repair

Question 37

Reservoir of infection

Answer 37

Where pathogens wait to infect: Soil and water; animals; humans.

Question 38

Mode of disease transmission (contact, vehicle, vector)

Answer 38

Contact: direct (kissing, cough < 1m) and indirect (cough > 1m); vector; vehicle: dust, water, cough on a table then someone else touches it

Question 39

Epidemiology

Answer 39

Study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations. Important when Koch’s postulates aren’t possible and to consider traveling etc.

Question 40

Incidence

Answer 40

Incidence = number of new cases in an area per a population

Question 41

Prevalence

Answer 41

Number of total cases

Question 42

Descriptive epidemiology?

Answer 42

Tabulate data and cases and results

Question 43

Analytical epidemiology?

Answer 43

Trying to find the index case, cause, mode of transmission

Question 44

Experimental epidemiology

Answer 44

Testing Koch’s postulates, or testing a treatment

Question 45

Zoonotic disease

Answer 45

Caught from animals

Question 46

Nosocomial disease

Answer 46

Disease caught from a healthcare environment

Question 47

Exogenous disease

Answer 47

Caught from being in the hospital

Question 48

Endogenous disease

Answer 48

you have the pathogen but something in environment causes it to cause disease

Question 49

Iatrogenic disease

Answer 49

from a surgery, etc