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Exam 3 NURB 3050 > Mechanisms of hormone regulation and endocrine disorders > Flashcards

Mechanisms of hormone regulation and endocrine disorders Flashcards

1
Q

hormones aka chemical messengers

A

chemical substance secreted by a specific organ or tissue

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2
Q

chemical messengers

A
  • secreted in small but predictable rates
  • circulates in the blood
  • binds to specific cell receptors
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3
Q

what is a lock and key mechanism

A

hormones

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4
Q

negative feedback

A
  • hormone secretion depends on the boys need for the final action of that hormone
  • body condition starts to move away from the normal range, secretion of hormone is capable starting the correcting action until need is met, and the body condition returns to normal range. As correction occurs, hormone secretion decreases
  • hormone causes opposite action of initial condition changes
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5
Q

target cell concept

A

hormones act only on cells that have receptors specific to that hormone, b/c the shape of the receptor determines which hormone can react with it. < ex lock and key model

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6
Q

hypothalamus (chief gland)

A

brain region, controls pituitary gland

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7
Q

thyroid gland

A

affects metabolism among other things

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8
Q

pituitary gland (master gland)

A

secretes many different hormones , some of which affect other glands

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9
Q

parathyroids

A

help regulate level of calcium in blood

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10
Q

adrenal glands

A

trigger fight or flight response

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11
Q

pancreas

A

regulates level of sugar in the blood

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12
Q

ovary

A

secretes female sex hormones

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13
Q

testis

A

secretes male sex hormones

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14
Q

relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland is important why

A

integrates communication between nervous and endocrine systems

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15
Q

where is the hypothalamus located

A

in the center of the brain

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16
Q

what are the two groups of hormones for hypothalamus

A

releasing and inhibiting

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17
Q

what is the function of the hormones of the hypothalamus

A

either simulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the pituitary

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18
Q

what are the tropic hormones that control other gland hormone secretion

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, an LH

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19
Q

FSH

A

stimulates secretion of estrogen and development of ova and sperm

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20
Q

LH

A

stimulates ovulation in female and secretion of sex hormones in male and female

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21
Q

hypersecretion

A
  • gigantism (childhood)
  • acromegaly (adulthood) - after epiphyseal closure
  • results in hypertrophy of all body organs elevations in blood sugar; lipid levels
22
Q

hyposecretion

A

*dwarfism - smaller statue, cognitive delay dependent on type

23
Q

what are the hormones stored in the posterior pituitary

A

ADH and oxytocin

24
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

A

major role is regulation of fluid volume by stimulating reabsorption of water in the renal tubules. ADH is a major vasoconstrictor. Most important stimulates of ADH is plasma osmolarity,

25
Q

what happens when ADH is released

A

real tubules reabsorb water, urine is more concentration

26
Q

what happens when ADH is inhibited

A

renal tubules do not reabsorb water urine is more dilute

27
Q

parathyroid glands

A

secrete parathyroid hormone, raises serum calcium levels, stimulates renal conversion of Vitamin D to its most active form

28
Q

if serum calcium is low PTH

A

increases

29
Q

if serum calcium is high PTH

A

decreases

30
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

mineralocorticoids (essential for maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance), glucocorticoids (effect glucose), most abundant is cortisol

31
Q

major function of cortisol is

A

body’s response to stress, carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism, emotional stability, immune function, and sodium and water balance

32
Q

adrenal glands promote reabsorption of

A

Na and H2O, excretion of K and Hydrogen ions

33
Q

synthesis and secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by

A

angiotensin II, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia

34
Q

endocrine secretes what

A

glucagon (alpha) and insulin (beta)

35
Q

glucagon

A

released from alpha cells in low blood sugar

36
Q

what does glucagon stimulate

A

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis

37
Q

insulin

A

regulates metabolism and storage of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and is released from beta cells in high blood sugar

38
Q

what does insulin inhibit

A

gluconeogenesis in liver, facilitates glucose transport into cells, synthesizes protein transports triglycerides in to adipose tissue

39
Q

DM

A

chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances in metabolism of carbs, fat, and protein

40
Q

Type 1 (insulin dependent) - absolute insulin deficiency

A
  • acute vs slow progression >primary beta cell defect
  • destruction of islet cells
  • abnormal alpha cell function (glucagon)
41
Q

what are examples of secondary diabetes mellitus

A

hormonal disease(bushings), drug induced (glucocorticosteroid), and gestational diabetes

42
Q

name examples of poor control for diabetes

A
  • microvascular vs microvascular
  • heart disease and stroke
  • HTN
  • blindness
  • renal dysfunction
  • neuropathies
  • amputations
43
Q

what are some acute complications of DM

A

hypoglycemia, DKA, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS)

44
Q

what are chronic complications of DM

A
  • microvascular disease - diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathies
  • macrovascular disease - cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease
  • infection
45
Q

what are the hypoglycemia effects

A
  • primary hypoglycemia
  • secondary to insulin/oral ADA
  • damage to the CNS - brain can only use glucose for energy and w/out glucose cell death occurs
46
Q

what are the s/s of hypoglycemia (parasympathetic)

A

nausea and hunger

47
Q

what are the s/s of hypoglycemia (CNS)

A

headache, restlessness, dizziness, yawning, lethargy, drowsiness, paresthesias, inability to carry conversation, confusion, slurred speech, muscle twitching, and coma

48
Q

hypoglycemia T.I.R.E.D.

A 
T- tachycardia
I - irritability 
R - restless
E - excessive hunger
D - diaphoresis, depression
49
Q

blood sugar MNEMONIC

A

hot and dry - sugar high

cold and clammy - need some candy

50
Q

what are the nursing implications in diabetes

A
  • obesity is preventable
  • know A1C, OGTT, chemistry profile, CBC, and lipid pane;
  • know s/s of hypo and hyperglycemia
  • know treatment of hypo and hyperglycemia
  • teach, monitor, assess, and TEACH

Exam 3 NURB 3050 (3 decks)

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