Alterations in Renal and Urinary Tract Functions Flashcards
What is the functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
How much mL of blood flows per min
1000 to 1200
glomerular filtration rate GFR
greater than 90
hormone for renal blood flow that regulates BP
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
how many liters a day does the glomerular filter
180
where does reabsorption of sodium take place
proximal convoluted tubule
where does reabsorption of sodium and water take place
glomerulotubular balance
where does concentration or dilution or urine take place
loop of henle and distal tubule
what is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphate
vitamin D
what is released when decreased O2 to the kidney and stimulates RBC production
erythropoietin
urinary tract obstruction
an interference with the flow of urine at any site along the urinary tract
what are the most common kidney stones
calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate
S/S of kidney stones
renal colic aka flank pain
treatment for kidney stones
high fluid intake, decreasing dietary intake of stone-forming substances, and stone removal
what is an UTI
inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by bacteria
what is the common pathogen for an UTI
Escherichia coli - E. coli
what is acute cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
S/S of acute cystitis
frequency, dysuria, urgency, lower abdominal and/ or suprapubic pain, and low back pain
treatment for acute cystitis
antimicrobial therapy, increased fluid intake, avoidance of bladder irritants, and urinary analgesics
acute pyelonephritis
acute infection of the ureter, renal pelvis, interstitium; caused by structure malformation or urine reflux
chronic pyelonephritis
persistent or recurring episodes of acute pyelonephritis that lead to scarring, and a risk increases in individuals with renal infarctions and some type of obstructive pathologic condition
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomerulus
what are the two major symptoms of glomerulonephritis if severe
hematuria w/ RBC, and proteinuria exceeding 3-5g/ day with albumin as the major protein
S/S of glomerulonephritis
oliguria, HTN, edema, nephrotic sediment (protein), and nephritic sediment (blood)
nephrotic syndrome
excretion of 3.5 g or more of protein in the urine every day and protein excretion is caused by glomerular injury
acute kidney injury - AKI
renal insufficiency, renal failure, and end-stage renal failure -ESRF
what is increased and decreased with acute kidney injury
GFR decreases and BUN and creatinine increases
Prerenal AKI
most common cause of ARF, caused by impaired renal blood flow, and GFR declines b/c of the decrease in filtration pressure
initiation phase of AKI
kidney injury is evolving and prevention of injury is possible
maintenance (oliguric) phase of AKI
established kidney injury and dysfunction and urine output is lowest during this phase and serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen both increase
recovery (polyuric) phase
injury repaired and normal renal function reestablished, diuresis common, decline in serum creatinine and urea, and increase in creatinine clearance
chronic kidney disease CKD
progressive loss of renal function that affects all organ systems, associated with HTN, diabetes, and intrinsic kidney disease
stages of CKD
normal - GFR > 90 mL/ min Mild - GFR 60-89 mL/ min moderate - GFR 30-59 mL/ min severe - GFR 15-29 mL/ min end stage 0 GFR less than 15
treatment to CKD
medication to. control HTN and DM, correction or prevention. of fluid and electrolyte imbalances and correction of anemia, diet, and dialysis
