Mechanisms of Action Flashcards
Reduce hyperkeratinization.
Keratolytics
Reverse abnormal keratinization.
Retinoids
Reduce microbial colonization and decrease inflammatory response.
Antibiotics
Inhibits cholinesterase.
Malathion (Ovide)
Vasoconstrictor effect.
Topical corticosteroids
Inhibits phosphatase activity, resulting in inhibition of T-cell activation.
Calcineurin inhibitors
Bind to sterols in the cell membrane of the fungus, causing increased membrane permeability and loss of intracellular contents.
Polyene antifungals
Binds to ergosterol in fungi cell wall.
Amphotericin B
Reduce ergosterol synthesis by inhibition of fungal cytochrome P450.
Triazole antifungals
Reduce ergosterol synthesis by inhibition of fungal cytochrome P450, but less selective between human and fungal sterols, so more toxic.
Imidazole antifungals
Inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol by
inhibiting squalene epoxidase.
Allylamine antifungals
Inhibits epoxidation of squalene in fungi, so is toxic to fungi. Also reduces ergosterol and prevents synthesis of fungal
cell membrane.
Terbinafine (Lamisil)
Inhibits fungal cell mitosis at metaphase by
interfering with cells mitotic spindle structure.
Griseofulvin
Acts by chelating polyvalent cations (Fe+3) or (Al+3). Inhibits enzymes responsible for the breakdown of peroxidises within fungal cells.
Ciclopirox (Pen-Lac, Loprox)
Mechanism of action unknown but may block
enzymes involved in growth of epithelial tissue.
Selenium sulfide
These inhibit viral DNA synthesis.
Nucleoside analogues
Inhibits DNA synthesis and viral replication. Competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate binding. DNA templates into irreversible complexes. Causes chain termination following incorporation of viral DNA.
Acyclovir family
Converted by body to acyclovir after oral administration via first pass.
Valacyclovir
The diacetyl ester prodrug of 6-deoxypenciclovir.
Famciclovir
Uses competitive inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase to block viral DNA synthesis.
Famciclovir
Acyclovir family med that does NOT cause chain termination.
Famciclovir
Activated in CMV infected cells. Inhibits viral DNA polymerase.
Ganciclovir
Solubilizes cell surface proteins in stratum corneum. Possible desquamation.
Salicylic acid
Possibly stimulates mononuclear cells to release interferon alpha and to stimluate macrophages to produce interleukins 1, 6, 8, and TNF alpha.
Imiquimod
Cytotoxic with an affinity for the microtubule of the mitotic spindle. Interrupts in metaphase.
Podophyllum resin
Block dopamine D2 receptors.
Typical antipsychotics (1st generation)
Block D4, S2, and alpha-2 receptors.
Clozapine
Block D4, D1, muscarinic, alpha-1, H1 receptors.
Olanzapine
Block D2, S2, alpha-1, alpha-2, and H1 receptors.
Risperidone
Decreases metabolic inactivation of catecholamines.
MAOIs
Weak inhibitor of neuronal uptake of dopamine, NE, and serotonin.
Buproprion (Wellbutrin)
Potently and selectively inhibit the serotonin uptake pump on presynaptic neuron. Increase concentration of 5-HT in synapse by inhibiting
reuptake, weak effect on NE and dopamine reuptake.
SSRIs
At lower doses: primarily an SSRI.
Venlafaxine (Effexor)
At higher doses: produces norepinephrine reuptake.
Venlafaxine (Effexor)
Equivalent of adding an NSRI to an SSRI for augmented effects.
SNRIs (Effexor)
Bind to molecular components of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors in the neuronal membranes in the CNS.
Benzodiazepines
Potentiate GABA-ergic inhibition at all levels of the CNS. Leads to decreased firing rate of critical neurons in many regions of the brain.
Benzodiazepines
Increase the amount of chloride current generated by GABAA receptor activation, potentiating the effects of GABA throughout the nervous system.
Benzodiazepines
Blocks the reuptake of norepi and dopamine into presynaptic neurons.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, Daytrana)
Noncatecholamine, sympathomimetic amines that promote release of catecholamines (primarily dopamine and norepi) from their storage sites in the presynaptic nerve terminals. Able to block reuptake of catecholamines.
Mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall)
Noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor.
Strattera (Atomoxetine)
Resorptive agents that block osteoclastic activity.
Bisphosphonates & Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
Prevents the increased risk of breast and uterine cancer while maintaining bone integrity.
Raloxifine (Evista)
Required for absorption of calcium from intestinal tract.
Vitamin D
Regulates serum calcium and phosphate levels.
Calcitriol
Critical in bone growth and remodeling.
Vitamin D
Prevents thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodthyroine (T3) in peripheral tissues.
Antithyroid drugs
