Mechanisms and Characteristics of Musculoskeletal and Nerve Trauma Flashcards
Trauma
Infury or wound produced by force
Mechanical Injury
Change of state of rest of muscle bone tissue
Load
External force, causes reaction
Stiffness
Ability of tissue to resist a load
Stress
internal resistance to load
Strain
Internal change in tissue
Yield Point
- Point at which elasticity is almost exceeded is the yeild point
- If deformation persists, folowwing release of load permanent or plastic changes result
- When yeild point is far exceeded mechanical failure occurs reslting in tissue damage.
Muscle Strain
Stretch, tear or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue.
Grade I - Some fibers have been stretched or actually torn resulting in tenderness and pain on actice ROM, movement painful but full range present
Grade II - Number of fibers have been torn and active contraction is painful, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result
Grade III - Complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction , significant impairment, with initiallya great deal of pain theat diminishes due to nerve damage.
Muscle Spasm (2 types)
A relfex reaction caused by trauma
Clonic - Alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quicl succession
Tonic - Rigid contraction that lasts a period of time.
Tendonitis
Inflammation of the tendon.
Usually due to the overuse or repetetivie microtreaumas to the tissue.
Obvious signs of sweeling and pain and crepitus
Tendinosis
Without proper healing tendonitis may degenerate and become tendinosis.
Visably swollen and sometimes a lump will appear.
Tenosweesynovitis
Inflammation of the synovial sheath
Acute: swelling and pain
Chronic: a thickening of the ligament can occur (biceps tendon)
Myofascial Trigger Points (two types)
Discret, hypersensitive nodule within tight band of muscle or fascia
Latent: Does not cause spontanepous pain. May restrict movement or cause muscle weakness. become aware of them when someone applies pressure.
Active: Casues pain at rest. Applying pressure = pain= jump sign. tender to palpation with referred pain. FOund most commonly in muscles involved in posture.
Contusion
Result of sudden blow to the body.
Can be both deep or superficial.
Mematoma results from blood and lymph flow in the surrounding tissues.
Chronically inflames and contused tissue may develope calcium deposits (myositis ossificans)
Contracture
Is an abnormal shortening of muscle where there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch.
Types of Synovial Joints
Synarthotic - Immovable (sutures in skull)
Amphiarthrotic - Slightly moveable (vertebrae)
Diarthrotic - Freely moveable (shoulder)
Ball and Socket
Hinge - Flexion and extension of the elbow
Pivot - rotation around an axis
Ellipsodial - Convex head in a concave socket (wrist)
Saddle-shaped (thumb)
Gliding - allows small movemewnt back and forth (tarsals?
LIgament Sprains Grades
Grade I: Some pain, miimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, and mild point tenderness.
Grade II: Pain, moderate loss of function , swelling, and instability with tearing and seperstion of ligament fibers.
Grade III: Extremely painful, inevitbale loss of function, severe instsbility and swelling . may also represent sublaxation.
osteoarthritis
Wearing away of hyaline cartilage.
changes in joint mechanics lead to joint degeneration
Symptoms : stiffness, pain, prominent morning pain, creaking and grating.
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa. influx of synovial fluid into the bursa.
Symptoms: pain, swelling, and some loss of function.
Bone Functions
Body support
Organ protection
Movement
calcium storage
Formation of blood cells
Types of Bones
Flat bones = skull, ribs, scapulae
Irregular bones = Vertebrae and skull
Short bones = Wrist and ankle
Long bones = Humerus, femur, ulna, tibia, fibula, (bones most injured)
Wolff’s Law
Every change in form and function or in its function alone is followed by changes in architectural design.
Open VS. Closed fracture
Open is considered to be a displaced fracture with pentetration of surrounding tissues.
Closed is where there is little displacement or movement.
Green Stick Fracture
incomplete breaks in bones that have not completely ossified yet, seen most in children. (like a green tree branch they splinter)
Linear Fracture
Bone splits along the length
Transverse Fracture
Fracture occurs in a straight line. Usually at a 90 degree angle to the bone shaft.
Comminuted Fracture
Consist of three or more bone fragments at the fracture site. Many of these particular types of fractures need surgical repair.
Oblique Fracture
Are similar to spiral fractures. Occur when one end of the bone recieves sudden torsion or twisting while the other end is fixed,
Spiral Fracture
Spiral fractures have an s-shaped seperation. they are common in football and skiing where the foot is planted and there is atorsion force up the leg.
Impacted Fracture
can result from a fall froma height, which casues long bone to recieve a force along its axis that compresses osseous tissue.
Avulsion Fracture
A seperation of bone from its cortex at an attachment of a ligament or tendon.
Blowout Fracture
Occur to the wall of the eye orbit.
Serrated Fracture
Serrated fractures, in which two bony fragments have a sawtooth jagged fracture line. usually caused by a direct blow. Tend to harm capillaries and nerves.
Depressed Fracture
Mostly found on flat bones. falling casues the bone to cave in causing a depression.
Contercoup Fracture
Occur on the opposite side of the force. an athlete may hit their head so hard that the tissues and structures compress against the opposite side of the skull causing a fracture.
Osteochondrosis
Also known as Ostechondritis Ossificans.
Possible causes: Aseptic necrosis, fractures in cartilage causing fissures to subchondral bone, trauma or repetitive trauma to the joint causing cartliage fragmentation.
Salter - Harris classifications
Classification of long bone epiphyseal injuries in children .
Type I - Seperation of Physis
Type II - Fracture-seperation of growth plate and small part of metaphysis
Type III - Fracture part od Physis
Type VI - Fracture - physis and metaphysis
Type V - Crushing of physis with no nisplacement, may casue premature closure.
Neuropraxia
Interruption in conduction through nerve fiber.
Brought on by compression or blunt trauma
Impact motor more than sensory function
Temporary loss of function
Patellar Chondromalacia
Shallow patellar groove, patella tracks incorrectly
