Mechanisms and Characteristics of Musculoskeletal and Nerve Trauma

Question 1

Trauma

Answer 1

Infury or wound produced by force

Question 2

Mechanical Injury

Answer 2

Change of state of rest of muscle bone tissue

Question 3

Load

Answer 3

External force, causes reaction

Question 4

Stiffness

Answer 4

Ability of tissue to resist a load

Question 5

Stress

Answer 5

internal resistance to load

Question 6

Strain

Answer 6

Internal change in tissue

Question 7

Yield Point

Answer 7

• Point at which elasticity is almost exceeded is the yeild point
• If deformation persists, folowwing release of load permanent or plastic changes result
• When yeild point is far exceeded mechanical failure occurs reslting in tissue damage.

Question 8

Muscle Strain

Answer 8

Stretch, tear or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue.

Grade I - Some fibers have been stretched or actually torn resulting in tenderness and pain on actice ROM, movement painful but full range present

Grade II - Number of fibers have been torn and active contraction is painful, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result

Grade III - Complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction , significant impairment, with initiallya great deal of pain theat diminishes due to nerve damage.

Question 9

Muscle Spasm (2 types)

Answer 9

A relfex reaction caused by trauma

Clonic - Alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quicl succession

Tonic - Rigid contraction that lasts a period of time.

Question 10

Tendonitis

Answer 10

Inflammation of the tendon.

Usually due to the overuse or repetetivie microtreaumas to the tissue.

Obvious signs of sweeling and pain and crepitus

Question 11

Tendinosis

Answer 11

Without proper healing tendonitis may degenerate and become tendinosis.

Visably swollen and sometimes a lump will appear.

Question 12

Tenosweesynovitis

Answer 12

Inflammation of the synovial sheath

Acute: swelling and pain

Chronic: a thickening of the ligament can occur (biceps tendon)

Question 13

Myofascial Trigger Points (two types)

Answer 13

Discret, hypersensitive nodule within tight band of muscle or fascia

Latent: Does not cause spontanepous pain. May restrict movement or cause muscle weakness. become aware of them when someone applies pressure.

Active: Casues pain at rest. Applying pressure = pain= jump sign. tender to palpation with referred pain. FOund most commonly in muscles involved in posture.

Question 14

Contusion

Answer 14

Result of sudden blow to the body.

Can be both deep or superficial.

Mematoma results from blood and lymph flow in the surrounding tissues.

Chronically inflames and contused tissue may develope calcium deposits (myositis ossificans)

Question 15

Contracture

Answer 15

Is an abnormal shortening of muscle where there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch.

Question 16

Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 16

Synarthotic - Immovable (sutures in skull)

Amphiarthrotic - Slightly moveable (vertebrae)

Diarthrotic - Freely moveable (shoulder)

Ball and Socket

Hinge - Flexion and extension of the elbow

Pivot - rotation around an axis

Ellipsodial - Convex head in a concave socket (wrist)

Saddle-shaped (thumb)

Gliding - allows small movemewnt back and forth (tarsals?

Question 17

LIgament Sprains Grades

Answer 17

Grade I: Some pain, miimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, and mild point tenderness.

Grade II: Pain, moderate loss of function , swelling, and instability with tearing and seperstion of ligament fibers.

Grade III: Extremely painful, inevitbale loss of function, severe instsbility and swelling . may also represent sublaxation.

Question 18

osteoarthritis

Answer 18

Wearing away of hyaline cartilage.

changes in joint mechanics lead to joint degeneration

Symptoms : stiffness, pain, prominent morning pain, creaking and grating.

Question 19

Bursitis

Answer 19

Inflammation of a bursa. influx of synovial fluid into the bursa.

Symptoms: pain, swelling, and some loss of function.

Question 20

Bone Functions

Answer 20

Body support

Organ protection

Movement

calcium storage

Formation of blood cells

Question 21

Types of Bones

Answer 21

Flat bones = skull, ribs, scapulae

Irregular bones = Vertebrae and skull

Short bones = Wrist and ankle

Long bones = Humerus, femur, ulna, tibia, fibula, (bones most injured)

Question 22

Wolff’s Law

Answer 22

Every change in form and function or in its function alone is followed by changes in architectural design.

Question 23

Open VS. Closed fracture

Answer 23

Open is considered to be a displaced fracture with pentetration of surrounding tissues.

Closed is where there is little displacement or movement.

Question 24

Green Stick Fracture

Answer 24

incomplete breaks in bones that have not completely ossified yet, seen most in children. (like a green tree branch they splinter)

Question 25

Linear Fracture

Answer 25

Bone splits along the length

Question 26

Transverse Fracture

Answer 26

Fracture occurs in a straight line. Usually at a 90 degree angle to the bone shaft.

Question 27

Comminuted Fracture

Answer 27

Consist of three or more bone fragments at the fracture site. Many of these particular types of fractures need surgical repair.

Question 28

Oblique Fracture

Answer 28

Are similar to spiral fractures. Occur when one end of the bone recieves sudden torsion or twisting while the other end is fixed,

Question 29

Spiral Fracture

Answer 29

Spiral fractures have an s-shaped seperation. they are common in football and skiing where the foot is planted and there is atorsion force up the leg.

Question 30

Impacted Fracture

Answer 30

can result from a fall froma height, which casues long bone to recieve a force along its axis that compresses osseous tissue.

Question 31

Avulsion Fracture

Answer 31

A seperation of bone from its cortex at an attachment of a ligament or tendon.

Question 32

Blowout Fracture

Answer 32

Occur to the wall of the eye orbit.

Question 33

Serrated Fracture

Answer 33

Serrated fractures, in which two bony fragments have a sawtooth jagged fracture line. usually caused by a direct blow. Tend to harm capillaries and nerves.

Question 34

Depressed Fracture

Answer 34

Mostly found on flat bones. falling casues the bone to cave in causing a depression.

Question 35

Contercoup Fracture

Answer 35

Occur on the opposite side of the force. an athlete may hit their head so hard that the tissues and structures compress against the opposite side of the skull causing a fracture.

Question 36

Osteochondrosis

Answer 36

Also known as Ostechondritis Ossificans.

Possible causes: Aseptic necrosis, fractures in cartilage causing fissures to subchondral bone, trauma or repetitive trauma to the joint causing cartliage fragmentation.

Question 37

Salter - Harris classifications

Answer 37

Classification of long bone epiphyseal injuries in children .

Type I - Seperation of Physis

Type II - Fracture-seperation of growth plate and small part of metaphysis

Type III - Fracture part od Physis

Type VI - Fracture - physis and metaphysis

Type V - Crushing of physis with no nisplacement, may casue premature closure.

Question 38

Neuropraxia

Answer 38

Interruption in conduction through nerve fiber.

Brought on by compression or blunt trauma

Impact motor more than sensory function

Temporary loss of function

Question 39

Patellar Chondromalacia

Answer 39

Shallow patellar groove, patella tracks incorrectly