Mechanisms

Question 1

What are 4 factors that affect the range of joint movement?

Answer 1

1) Apposition of neighbouring soft tissue
2) Effect of hormones
3) Strength of joint ligaments
4) Disease of the joints

Question 2

Where and how do synovial joints develop?

Answer 2

Between adjacent hyaline cartilage, at the joint interzone. The rest of the hyaline cartilage, apart from the synovial joint hyaline cartilage, in the joint interzone, is mineralised to become bone.

Question 3

Muscles have origins and insertions.

At which point can the muscle move?

Answer 3

Insertions

Question 4

What are 3 functions of Hox genes?

Answer 4

1) Control segmentation (in prenatal limb development)
2) Determine which limb will grow out from which limb bud (in each segment)
3) Determine the different types of vertebrae that will develop from each segment

Question 5

In bone development, what is ossified in primary ossification and secondary ossification?

Answer 5

1*: Diaphysis

2*: Epiphysis (epiphyseal plate remains as hyaline cartilage)

Question 6

During the 4th week of development, what do somites develop into?

State whether these developments are found ventrally or dorsally.

Answer 6

Dermatomyotomes found dorsally

Sclerotomes found ventrally

Question 7

What do dermatomyotomes form?

Answer 7

Form muscle tissue (via myotomes) and dermis (via dermatomes)

Question 8

What do sclerotomes form?

Answer 8

Form ribs and vertebrae

Question 9

In prenatal limb development, which way and by how many degrees does the lower limb rotate?

Answer 9

Internally by 90*

Question 10

Axial line definition

Answer 10

Junction where 2 dermatomes meet and each dermatome are supplied from discontinuous spinal levels

Question 11

Axial border defintion

Answer 11

Border differentiates posterior and anterior body from each other and they are the cephalic and caudal borders of the limb buds

Question 12

Neural level defintion

Answer 12

Lowest level of fully intact sensation and motor function

SFM

Question 13

State four factors that contribute to the stability and mobility of the vertebral column.

Answer 13

1. Compressibility and thickness of intervertebral discs
2. Resistance of ligaments
3. Tone of back muscles
4. Shape and orientation of facet joints

Question 14

What is the definition of a retinaculum?

Answer 14

A band of connective tissue that groups tendons, from different muscles, together

Question 15

Medical term for surgery that fuses 2 joints together.

Typically done to treat severe osteoarthritis.

Answer 15

Arthrodesis

Question 16

Cadence defintion

Answer 16

The number of steps per minute

Question 17

What is a nerve fascicle?

What binds a fascicle?

Answer 17

It binds a bunch of endoneurium and their individual axons and myelin sheaths.

Perineurium binds a fascicle.

Question 18

What groups several perineuriums together?

Answer 18

Epineurium