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Musculoskeletal > Lower Limb Anatomy > Flashcards

Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What vein passes in front of the medial malleolus?

A

Great saphenous vein

Branch off femoral vein

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2
Q

What artery runs behind the medial malleolus?

A

Posterior tibial artery

Where you find the posterior tibial pulse

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3
Q

Where do you find the popliteal pulse (of the popliteal artery)?

A

Deep in the popliteal fossa

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4
Q

Specifically describe where you will find the femoral pulse (of the femoral artery)?

A

At the mid inguinal point, half way between the ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) and pubic symphysis

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5
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of what artery?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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6
Q

Give two locations where the dorsalis pedis artery can be found

A

1) 1/3 laterally away from the medial malleolus

2) lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon

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7
Q

In the lower limb, what veins mark the pre-axial border and the post-axial border?

A

Pre-axial border: Great/Long saphenous vein

Post-axial border: Small/Short saphenous vein

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8
Q

In the leg, which nerve is found laterally and medially?

  • Femoral nerve (Saphenous nerve)
  • Common fibular nerve
A

Saphenous nerve is found medially

Common fibular nerve is found laterally

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9
Q

In the genital area, which nerve is found most medially?

Ilioinguinal nerve or Genitofemoral nerve?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

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10
Q

Is the sural nerve found medially or laterally in the posterior leg?

A

Laterally

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11
Q

Describe the lower limb myotomes

A 
L2: hip flexion
L3: knee extension
L4: ankle dorsiflexion
L5: great toe extension (lift up)
S1: ankle plantar flexion
S2: great toe flexion (sit down)
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12
Q

What ligament forms the greater sciatic foramen?

Where does this ligament attach?

A

The sacrospinous ligament attaches to the sacrum and the ischal spine (part of the ischium)

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13
Q

What ligament forms the lesser sciatic foramen?

Where does the ligament attach?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament connects to the sacrum and ischial tuberosity (part of the ischium)

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14
Q

Name the 3 hip bones.

What cartilage connects the 3 hip bones?

A

Ischium, pubis and ilium bones are all connected by the triradiate cartilage

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15
Q

What is the name of the connection between the inferior pubic ramus and the inferior ischial ramus

A

Ischiopubic ramus

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16
Q

Name an intracapsular ligament of the hip.

Where does it attach to?

A

Ligamentum teres is attached to the fovea capitis (of the head of the femur) and acetabulum

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17
Q

Name 2 extracapsular hip ligaments that prevent hyperextension of the hip.

Are these ligaments found anteriorly or posteriorly?

A

Iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments are both found anteriorly

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18
Q

What is the function of ischiofemoral ligament?

Where does the ischofemoral ligament attach to?

A

Prevents excessive medial rotation

Attaches to the greater tuberosity (of the posterior femur) and ischium

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19
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into?

Where does this first occur?

A

Into the common fibular nerve and tibial nerve, when the sciatic nerve crosses the popliteal fossa

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20
Q

Describe how the obturator artery is involved in supplying blood to the head of the femur?

A

Ligamentum teres artery branches off from obturator artery.

Ligamentum teres artery is WITHIN the ligamentum teres

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21
Q

What arteries supply both the synovial membrane and the femoral head?

Where do these arteries branch off from?

A

Retinacular arteries branch off from the medial circumflex femoral artery MCFA

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22
Q

Name 2 main branches of the Profunda femoris artery and state whether these arteries supply the anterior or posterior femoral head

A

MCFA: Medial circumflex femoral artery supplies the posterior femoral head

LCFA: lateral circumflex femoral artery supplies the anterior femoral head

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23
Q

What is between the greater trochanter and lesser trochanter posteriorly and anteriorly?

A

Posteriorly: intertrochanteric crest

Anteriorly: intertrochanteric line

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24
Q

Where does the gluteus maximus insert?

A

Gluteal tuberosity (of the posterior femur)

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25
Q

Name 4 muscles that extend the thigh at the hip joint

A

Gluteus maximus
Semimembranosus muscle
Semitendinosus muscle
Biceps femoris- long head

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26
Q

Semimembransosus muscle and semitendinosus muscle - which one is more superficial?

A

Semitendinosus muscle

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27
Q

Where does the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles insert?

A

Gluteus minimus - greater trochanter (of femur - anteriorly)

Gluteus medius - greater trochanter (of femur - laterally)

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28
Q

What common bone do all 3 gluteal muscles originate from?

A

Ilium

Gluteus maximus originates from the iliac crest

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29
Q

What 3 muscles insert in the pes anserinus?

What nerves innervate these muscles?

Specifically state where the pes anserinus is

A

Say Grace (before) Tea.

Sartorius muscle - innervated by femoral nerve

Gracilis muscle - innervated by obturator nerve

Semitendinosus muscle - innervated by tibial nerve (branch from sciatic nerve)

Pes anserinus is at the anteromedial surface of the proximal tibia

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30
Q

Name 4 muscles that abduct the thigh at the hip joint

A

(Major muscles:)
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus

(Assisters:)
Sartorius muscle
Tensor fascia lata muscle

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31
Q

Name 6 muscles that laterally rotate the thigh at the hip joint

A 
Obturator exturnus
Obturator internus
Gemellus superior
Gemellus inferior
Piriformis muscle
Quadratus femoris
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32
Q

Name the 5 main peripheral nerves of the anterior thigh and state what spinal nerve roots make each nerve.

A

I Get Leftovers on Friday

Ilioinguinal nerve: L1
Genitofemoral nerve: L1, L2
Lateral (femoral) cutaneous nerve (of thigh): L2, L3
Obturator nerve: L2, L3, L4
Femoral nerve: L2, L3, L4
33
Q

What 2 muscles does the superior gluteal artery supply?

A

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

34
Q

Discuss the exit of 4 nerves from the greater sciatic foramen into the gluteal region, relative to the piriformis muscle.

What spinal nerve roots make up each nerve?

A

SISP

Superior gluteal nerve: enters GSF above the piriformis. L4, L5, S1

Inferior gluteal nerve: enters GSF below the piriformis. L5, S1, S2

Sciatic nerve: enters GSF below the piriformis. L4-S3

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve: enters GSF below the piriformis. S1, S2, S3

35
Q

Name 4 muscles that flex the thigh at the hip joint

A

(Anterior rami of lumbar plexus:)
Psoas major

(Femoral nerve:)
Iliacus
Sartorius
Rectus femoris

36
Q

What is the origin of all 3 hamstrings?

A

Ischial tuberosity

37
Q

What bursa is directly behind the quadriceps tendon?

A

Suprapatellar bursa

38
Q

What bursa is directly in front of the patella?

A

Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa

39
Q

What space is the patella found in?

A

Trochlear groove

40
Q

What connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity?

What bursa can be found in front and behind this structure?

A

Superficial infrapatella bursa is found in front of the patellar ligament and the deep infrapatellar bursa can be found behind this ligament

41
Q

What bursa is found in the posterior knee?

A

Semimembranosus bursa

42
Q

Describe the attachments of the posterior and anterior cruciate ligaments (intracapsular ligaments)

A

ACL: Proximal attachment - posterolateral femoral intercondylar fossa. Distal attachment - medial meniscus and anteromedial tibial intercondylar eminence

PCL: Proximal attachment: medial border and roof of femoral intercondylar fossa. Distal attachment: posterolateral tibial intercondylar eminence

43
Q

What membrane is between the fibula and tibia?

A

Interosseous membrane

44
Q

What and specifically where is the the origin of the soleus muscle?

A

Soleal line is found on the lateral posterior tibia

45
Q

Name a function of the anterior cruciate ligament

A

Prevents anterior translocation of the tibia

46
Q

State 2 functions of the posterior cruciate ligament

A
  • Prevents the femur from sliding off the anterior edge of the tibia (whilst walking down a slope)
  • Stabilises the flexed knee
47
Q

Name 3 extracapsular knee ligaments

A

Medial collateral ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
Popliteal ligament

48
Q

What is the function of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments?

A

MCL: prevents excessive lateral/valgus angulation of the tibia

LCL: prevents excessive medial/varus angulation of the tibia

49
Q

Name 4 muscles that extend the leg at the knee joint

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis

50
Q

Name 5 muscles that flex the leg at the knee joint

A 
Gracilis
Sartorius
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
51
Q

Name 2 muscles that both medially rotate the thigh and leg at their respective joints

A

Semimembranosus

Semitendinosus

52
Q

What is the superior, lateral, medial, roof and floor borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Superior: inguinal ligament
Lateral: (medial border of) sartorius
Medial: (lateral border of) adductor longus
Floor: adductor longus (iliacus, psoas muscle, pectineus)
Roof: fascia lata

53
Q

Where is the midpoint of the inguinal ligament?

A

Midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

54
Q

Anatomically, where can the femoral artery be found?

A

Mid inguinal point

55
Q

Where does the popliteal artery enter and exit the popliteal fossa?

A

Enters: Through the adductor hiatus

Exits: Underneath the tendon of the soleus muscle

56
Q

Name 3 joints that are involved in inversion/eversion of the foot

A

Subtalar joint

Calcaneocuboid joint

Talocalcaneonavicular joint

57
Q

Anterior muscles in the leg are found more laterally.

Name 4 muscles in the anterior leg, from superficial to deep.

A

Tibialis anterior
(EDL) Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius

58
Q

Name 2 muscles found in the lateral compartment of the leg, superficially to deep.

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

59
Q

What is the Achille’s tendon made up of?

A

Gastrocnemius (lateral and medial) muscle tendon
Plantaris muscle tendon
Soleus muscle tendon (found under lateral gastrocnemius)

(These are all superficial muscles found in the posterior leg)

60
Q

Popliteus muscle is one of the deep muscles found in the posterior leg.

Name the 3 other muscles, from medially to laterally.

A

Flexor digitorum longus

Tibialis posterior

Flexor hallucis longus

61
Q

What artery supplies all the anterior leg muscles?

A

Anterior tibial artery

62
Q

What forms the floor, roof and lateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Floor: popliteal surface of femur

Roof: popliteal fascia and skin

Lateral border: plantaris and lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle

63
Q

Out of all the popliteal fossa contents, what is the most superficial and deepest structure?

A

Superficial: tibial nerve

Deep: popliteal artery

64
Q

What 3 muscle tendons insert in the medial cuneiform?

A

Tibialis posterior
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis longus

65
Q

What specifically articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint?

A

Trochlear of the talus

66
Q

Which bone is found more medially?

Navicular bone or cuboid bone?

A

Navicular

67
Q

Name the 5 nerves that innervate the sole of the foot

A 
Medial planter nerve
Lateral plantar nerve
Saphenous nerve
Medial calcaneal nerve 
Sural nerve

(All, except Saphenous nerve, are branches from tibial nerve)

68
Q

Name 5 ligaments of the foot.

State their functions.

State whether they are found medially or laterally.

A

Medially:
Deltoid ligament - prevents hypereversion of the foot

Laterally:
Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament - don’t know function
Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament - don’t know function
Anterior talofibular ligament - prevent hyperinversion of the foot
Calcaneofibular ligament - prevent hyperinversion of the foot

69
Q

Name the 2 bursa associated with the calcanel tendon that minimise friction whilst walking.

Discuss where the bursa are found.

A

Deep calcaneal bursa - between calcaneal tendon and calcaneus

Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa - between the skin and calcaneal tendon

70
Q

What 2 muscles lead to subtalar inversion?

A

Tibialis anterior

Tibialis posterior

71
Q

What 3 muscles cause eversion of the subtalar joint?

A

Fibularis tertius
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis

72
Q

What 4 muscles cause ankle dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis teritus

73
Q

What muscles cause ankle plantarflexion?

A

Tibialis posterior
Gastrocnemius (lateral and medial)
Soleus

74
Q

What structures pass behind the medial malleolus?

From anterior to posterior

A

Tom, Dick, And Very Nervous Harry

Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Posterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial vein
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus tendon

(All structures enter the tarsal tunnel, which is underneath the flexor retinaculum - which connects to the medial malleolus and calcaneus)

75
Q

Small Saphenous vein drains into what vein (A)?

And what vein does vein A drain into?

A

Small saphenous vein -> Popliteal vein -> Femoral vein

76
Q

Femoral vein drains into what vein?

A

External iliac vein

77
Q

What test tests for

A) small knee joint effusion (1)
B) large knee joint effusion (1)

A

Small knee joint effusion - sweep test

Large knee joint effusion - patellar tap

78
Q

Knee pain can also radiate to which 2 joints?

A

Hip and ankle

79
Q

What is the difference between saddle anaesthesia and saddle paraesthesia?

What dermatomes (sensory loss) are affected?

A

Saddle anaesthesia - complete sensory loss in S1 and S2

Saddle paraesthesia - sensations (tingling, numbness) felt in S1 and S2 dermatomes (can eventually develop into complete loss of sensation

These sensations can also be felt in the groin (L1, S3, S4) and inner thigh (L3)

Musculoskeletal (6 decks)

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