mechanisms Flashcards
alkane to halogenoalkane
X2
UV light
fr sub
halogenoalkane to alkene
NaOH or KOH
warm
ethanol
reflux
elimination
alkene to halogenoalkane
HX
25c
E add
alkene to dibromoalkane
Br2
25c
halogenoalkane to primary amine
excess NH3
heat
Nu sub
primary amine to secondary/tertiary/quaternary ammonium salts
heat
halogenoalkane
Nu sub
halogenoalkane to nitrile
KCN (aq)
ethanol
reflux
Nu sub
nitrile to primary amine
LiAlH4 in dry dry ether then dilute acid or H2 and Ni catalyst
high temp and pressure
Reduction
halogenoalkane to alcohol
warm NaOH (aq) or KOH(aq)
reflux
Nu sub
alcohol to alkene
conc H2SO4 (catalyst)
alkene to alcohol
H3PO4 catalyst
steam
300c
60atm
or H2O, H2SO4 catalyst
E add
alcohol to carboxylic acid
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4
reflux
oxidation
alcohol to aldehyde/ketone
KCr2O7, H2SO4
primary- distil- partial oxidation
secondary- reflux- oxidation
aldehyde/ketone to alcohol
NaBH4 in H2O with methanol
reduction
Nu add
aldehyde to carboxylic acid
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4
reflux
aldehyde/ketone to hydroxynitrile
acidified KCN(aq) or HCN(g)
25c
Nu add
carboxylic acid to ester
alcohol
conc H2SO4 catalyst
reflux
esterification
ester to carboxylic acid
dilute acid catalyst
H2O
reflux
dilute alkali
reflux
acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to carboxylic acid
H2O
25c
Nu add elim
acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to ester
alcohol
25c
Nu add elim
acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to primary amide
NH3
25c
Nu add elim
acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to n-substituted amide
amine
25c
Nu add elim
benzene to nitrobenzene
conc H2SO4 catalyst
conc HNO3
below 55c (for monosubstitution)
e sub
nitrobenzene to phenylamine
Sn
conc HCL
reflux
NaOH(aq)
reduction
phenylamine to N-phenylamide
CH3COCl
25c
ad elim
benzene to phenylkentone
RCOCl
AlCl3 catalyst
reflux
non-aqueous environment
acylation
