3.1 intro to organic chem

Question 1

what is a functional group?

Answer 1

group of atoms responsible for a molecules characteristic reactions

Question 2

what is molecular formula?

Answer 2

giving the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
eg c2h6

Question 3

what is structural formula?

Answer 3

shows atoms carbon by carbon withe attached h and functional groups
eg ch3ch2ch3

Question 4

what is displayed formula?

Answer 4

shows how all atoms are arranged and bonds between them

Question 5

what is empirical formula?

Answer 5

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
eg ch3

Question 6

what is general formula?

Answer 6

an algebraic formula describing any member of a family of compounds
eg cnh2n

Question 7

what is a homologous series?

Answer 7

family of compounds w same general formula, same functional group and consecutive members increase by ch2 so phys properties change slightly but chem same so react similar

Question 8

what is skeletal formula?

Answer 8

shows bonds of carbon skeleton only with any functional groups. h and c arent shown- c is at each junction

Question 9

alkanes

Answer 9

CnH2n+2
suffix- ane
prefix- number of c atoms
saturated (all carbons has 4 single bonds)
eg C3H8

Question 10

halogenoalkanes

Answer 10

alkane but one or more H atoms replaced by a halogen
prefix- bromo, chloro etc
eg CH3Cl

Question 11

cycloalkanes

Answer 11

CnH2n
suffix-ane
prefix- cyclo
ring of c with 2 h attached to each

Question 12

branched alkanes

Answer 12

alkanes where all C arent in straight line
main chain with carbons coming off-branches are alkyl groups
eg 2-methylbutane

Question 13

alkenes

Answer 13

CnH2n
suffix-ene
prefix- no of C
hydrocarbons w c=c
unsaturated- C on either end of = only bond to 3 others

Question 14

alcohols

Answer 14

CnH2n
suffix-ol
prefix-hydroxy
OH (hydroxyl functional group)

Question 15

aldehydes

Answer 15

R-CHO
suffix-al
prefix-oxo
one of end C has double bond to O and single bond to H

Question 16

ketones

Answer 16

R-CO-R’
suffix- one
prefix-oxo
C=O bond but not on end C
R and R’ are alkyl groups with may/not be same

Question 17

carboxylic acid

Answer 17

R-COOH
suffix- oic acid
double bond to o and single to OH

Question 18

why do we need IUPAC names?

Answer 18

so scientists across the world can communicate and understand

Question 19

how do you number chain?

Answer 19

so you use the lowest numbers eg instead of 6-methylhexane you could number from other side to have 1-methylhexane

Question 20

priority in nomenclature
(which to give lowest number)

Answer 20

halogens (low priority)
alkyl groups
alkenes
others (high priority)

Question 21

what is a mechanism?

Answer 21

breaks reaction into sequence of stages
use curly arrows to show where bonds are made/broken

Question 22

where do curly arrows start and end?

Answer 22

start at bond or lone pair
end where new bond formed

Question 23

what is an isomer?

Answer 23

molecules with same molecular formula but put together in diff way

Question 24

what is a structural isomer?

Answer 24

same molecular formula but diff structural formula

Question 25

3 types of structural isomer

Answer 25

chain, position, functional group

Question 26

what is chain isomerism?

Answer 26

same functional group, diff arrangement of C skeleton

Question 27

what is position isomerism?

Answer 27

same skeleton and same atom/group of atoms attached but attached to diff carbons

Question 28

what is functional group isomerism?

Answer 28

same atoms arranged into diff functional groups

Question 29

which functional groups are functional group isomers of each other? 4

Answer 29

alcohol and ether
aldehyde and ketone
carboxyllic acid and ester and hydroxylaldehyde and hydroxyketone
cycloalkane and alkene

Question 30

what is a stereoisomer?

Answer 30

same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 31

what is an E/Z isomer?

Answer 31

a stereoisomer that occurs in a molecule with a c=c double bond

Question 32

what shape are c=c and atoms around in a e/z isomer?

Answer 32

C=C bond and atoms bonded to them lie in same plane- trigonal planar
smaller alkenes eg ethene- planar
larger alkenes- only c=c planar
atoms attached to each c form equilateral triangle

Question 33

can atoms rotate around a c=c bond?

Answer 33

no

Question 34

e/z isomerism in alkenes

Answer 34

caused by restricted movement
if C=C have diff species attached, arrangement is important

Question 35

E-isomer

Answer 35

matching groups across double bond from each other

Question 36

Z-isomer

Answer 36

matching groups both above/below double bond (zame zide)

Question 37

when do you have to use Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules?

Answer 37

when c=c surrounded by 4 diff species

Question 38

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules:

Answer 38

Assign priority of 2 atoms to each side of double bond by looking at atoms directly bonded to C
Atom w higher atomic number on each side has priority
If same, look at next atom
If highest priority on same size-z if not-e