mechanisms Flashcards
alkane to halogenoalkane
reagents: Cl2
conditions: UV light
mechanism: free-radical substitution
alkene to halogenoalkane
reagents: HX
conditions: N/A
mechanism: electrophilic addition
alkene to dihaloalkane
reagents: Halogen
conditions: N/A
mechanism: electrophilic addition
alkene to alcohol
reagents: H20
conditions: Conc H2SO4, 300°, 7 MPa
mechanism: electrophilic addition
1° halogenolkane to 1° amine
reagents: conc NH3
conditions: excess NH3 dissolved in ethanol
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
1° halogenoalkane to 2° amine
reagents: 1° amine
conditions: amine dissolved in ethanol
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
1° halogenoalkane to 1° alcohol
reagents: NaOH (aq)
conditions: Heat under reflux
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
2° halogenoalkane to 2° alcohol
reagents: NaOH(aq)
conditions: Heat under reflux
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
3° halogenoalkane to 3° alcohol
reagents: NaOH(aq)
conditions: Heat under reflux
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
1°, 2° or 3° halogenoalkane to alkene
reagents: KOH (dissolved in ethanol)
conditions: Heat under reflux
mechanism: elimination
1° halogenoalkane to nitrile
reagents: potassium cyanide (dissolved in ethanol)
conditions: N/A
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
alcohol to alkene
reagents: H2SO4
conditions: 170° for acid dehydration
mechanism: elimination
alcohol to halogenoalkane
reagents: HX
conditions: heat under reflux
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: substitution
1° alcohol to aldehyde
reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate
conditions: heat and distil
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: oxidation
2° alcohol to ketone
reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate
conditions: heat and reflux
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: oxidation
aldehyde to carboxylic acid
reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate
conditions: heat and reflux
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: oxidation
aldehyde to 1° alcohol
reagents: NaBH4
conditions: aqueous solution
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: reduction
ketone to 2° alcohol
reagents: NaBH4
conditions: aqueous solution
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: reduction
aldehyde to hydroxynitrile
reagents: KCN followed by dilute acid
conditions: N/A
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: oxidation
carboxylic acid to aldehyde
reagents: LiAlH4
conditions: in dry ether
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: reduction
carboxylic acid to 1° alcohol
reagents: LiAlH4
conditions: in dry ether
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: reduction
carboxylic acid to ester
reagents: alcohol
conditions: conc. sulphuric acid
mechanism: nucleophilic addition elimination
reagents: NaOH (aq)
type of reaction: elimination
nitrile to 1° amine
reagents: LiAlH4
conditions: in dry ether
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: reduction
carboxylic acid to ammonium salt
reagents: ammonia solution
conditions: room temp
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: neutralisation
carboxylic acid to sodium salt
reagents: NaOH (aq)
conditions: room temp
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: neutralisation
acid chloride to carboxylic acid
reagents: H20
conditions: room temp
mechanism: nucleophilic addition elimination
type of reaction: hydrolysis
acid chloride to amide
reagents: ammonia
conditions: acid chloride added to conc ammonia
mechanism: nucleophilic addition elimination
type of reaction: substitution
acid chloride to ester
reagents: alcohol added to acid chloide
conditions: room temp
mechanism: nucleophilic addition elimination
type of reaction: elimination
ester to carboxylic acid
reagents: dilute HCl
conditions: heat under reflux
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: acid hydrolysis
ester to salt carboxylic acid
reagents: sodium hydroxide solution
conditions: heat under reflux
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: base hydrolysis
acid anhydride to carboxylic acid
reagents: H20
conditions: room temperature
mechanism: N/A
acid anhydride to amide
reagents: conc. NH3
conditions: room temperature
mechanism: N/A
acid anhydride to ester
reagents: alcohol
conditions: room temperature
mechanism: N/A
benzene to nitrobenzene
reagents: conc H2SO4
conditions: low temperature
mechanism: electrophilic substitution
nitrobenzene to phenylamine
reagents: HCl
conditions: heat under reflux and add NaOH (aq)
mechanism: N/A
benzene to phenylethanone
reagents: CH3COCl
conditions: AlCl3 catalyst with CH3COCl
mechanism: electrophilic substitution