Atomic Structure

Question 1

Definition of relative atomic mass

Answer 1

Average mass of an atom on a scale where an atom of carbon-12 is 12

Question 2

Definition of relative isotopic mass

Answer 2

Mass of at atom of an isotope where an atom of carbon-12 is 12

Question 3

Definition of relative molecular mass

Answer 3

Average mass of a molecule on a scale where an atom of carbon-12 is 12

Question 4

What are the 4 steps of mass spectrometry

Answer 4

Ionisation, acceleration, iron drift, detection

Question 5

Ways of Ionisation

Answer 5

Electrospray
Electron impact

Question 6

Electrospray ionisation

Answer 6

Sample dissolved and pushed through a small nozzle at high pressure
High voltage
Gains H+ ion

Question 7

Electron impact ionisation

Answer 7

Sample vaporised
Electron gun is used to fire high energy electrons
Knocks one electron off so becomes 1+ ions

Question 8

Why is the sample accelerated in mass spectrometry

Answer 8

To have the same kinetic energy
Lighter ions will move faster than heavier ones

Question 9

How many electrons in the s subshell

Answer 9

2

Question 10

How many orbitals in the s sub shell

Answer 10

1

Question 11

How many electrons in the p subshell

Answer 11

6

Question 12

How many orbitals in the p subshell

Answer 12

3

Question 13

How many electrons in the d subshell

Answer 13

10

Question 14

How many orbitals are there in the d subshell

Answer 14

5

Question 15

Which elements donate one of their 4s electrons to 3d subshell and why

Answer 15

Chromium and copper
As they are better with a more stable full or half full d sub shell

Question 16

What happens with transition metals when they become ions in the 4s oribital

Answer 16

They loose electrons from their 4s electrons before their 3d electrons

Question 17

Definition of first ionisation energy

Answer 17

Is the energy needed to remove 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions

Question 18

What type of reaction is the first ionisation energy

Answer 18

Endothermic (+)

Question 19

What are the factors affecting ionisation energy

Answer 19

Nuclear charge
Distance from nucleus
Shielding

Question 20

Definition of the second ionisation energy

Answer 20

The energy needed to remove 1 electron from each ion in 1 mole off gaseous 1+ ions to form 1 mole of gaseous 2+ ions

Question 21

Why does ionisation energys increase within each shell

Answer 21

Electrons being removed from an increasingly positive ion so less repulsion amongst the remaining electrons

Question 22

Why are there big jumps in ionisation energys

Answer 22

Happen when a new shell is being broken into
Electron is being removed from a shell closer to the nucleus

Question 23

What happens to the first ionisation energy as you go down a group

Answer 23

Decrease

Question 24

What happens to the first ionisation across a period

Answer 24

Generally increase

Question 25

why does the ionisation energy decrease as you go down group 2

Answer 25

As you go down, extra electron shell is added, extra shielding and further away

Question 26

Why does ionisation increase across a period

Answer 26

Number of protons increases, so stronger nuclear attraction.