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pharmacology y1 > mechanisms > Flashcards

mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

mechanism of denosumab

A

monoclonal antibody which inhibits RANKL receptors, which, when activated, inhibits the maturation of osteoclasts

acts as a competetive inhibitor which prevents activation of osteoclasts from resorbing bone

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2
Q

what is denosumab used to treat

A

osteoporosis - second line

tumours or other diseases which result in bone loss

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3
Q

side effects of denosumab

A

fever
chills
muscle and joint pains
dysuria
skin conditions - dermatitis, eczema
couhging and SoB
UTIs
hypocalcaemia
osteonecrosis of jaw or fractures

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4
Q

administration of denosumab

A

injection under skin every 6 months by HCP

subcutaneous

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5
Q

contraindications of denosumab

A

not given orally, IV, IM, or intradermally
not given to pregnant women
correct pre-existing hypocalcaemia before administrating denosumab
not given with immunosuppressants

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6
Q

mechanism of methotrextate

A

inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase
essential for the synthesis of purines and pyrimides

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7
Q

mechanism of leflunomide

A

inhibits the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
stops pyrimidine synthesis
pyrimidine important component of RNA and DNA

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8
Q

mechanism of sulfasalazine

A

not completely known
thought to be suppression of IL1 and TNF alpha

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9
Q

mechanism of hydroxychloroquine

A

induces apoptosis of inflammatory cells
decreases chemotaxis
targets TNF alpha
interferes with toll like receptors, disrupting antien presentation and increasing pH of lysosomes

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10
Q

mechanism of adalimumab

A

inhibits TNF alpha and inhibits its reaction with p55 and p75 cell surface receptors

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11
Q

mechanism of rituximab

A

acts against CD20 protein on B-cell surface, triggering cell death
it is an IgG

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12
Q

side effects of methotrexate

A

pulmonary fibrosis
mouth ulcers and mucositis
liver toxicity
bone marrow suppression
leukopenia
harmful to pregnancy
atrial fibrilation when paired with etanercept (anti TNF biologic)

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13
Q

side effects of leflunomide

A

mouth ulcers and mucositis
liver toxicity
bone marrow suppression
leukopenia
rashes
peripheral neuropathy
harmful to pregnancy

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14
Q

side effects of sulfasalazine

A

temporary male infertility - reduced sperm count
bone marrow suppression

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15
Q

side effects of hydroxychloroquine

A

nightmares
reduces visual activity
liver toxicity
skin pigmentation

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16
Q

side effects of Anti TNF drugs

A

vulnerable to severe infections and sepsis
reactivation of TB and Hep B

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17
Q

side effects of rituximab

A

vulnerable to severe infections and sepsis
night sweats
thrombocytopenia
peripheral neuropathy
liver and lung toxicity

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18
Q

mechanism of colchicine

A

not fully established
likely to be inhibition of tubulins
- antimitotic, stops metaphase
stops production of IL-1

19
Q

mechanism of allopurinol

A

xanthine oxidase inhibitor
- stops conversion of xanthine to uric acid (de novo synthesis)

20
Q

mechanism of febuxostat

A

non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor

21
Q

mechanism of prednisolone and dexamethasone (glucocorticoids)

A

inhibits neutrophil apoptosis
inhibit phospholipase A2
promotes IL-10

22
Q

mechanism of ibuprofen

A

non selective COX inhibitor
- COX 1 inhibition causes GI problems(?)

23
Q

mechanism of aspirin

A

non selective COX inhibitor

24
Q

mechanism of naproxen

A

non selective COX inhibitor

25
Q

mechanism of diclofenac

A

non selective COX inhibitor

26
Q

mechanism of aciclovir (herpes, chickenpox, shingles)

A

nucleoside analog that inhibits action of viral DNA polymerase and DNA replication of different herpesviruses

27
Q

mechanism of alendronic acid

A

binds to bone hydroxyapetite
bone resorption releases alendronic acid which is taken into osteoclasts by endocytosis
causes apoptosis of osteoclasts

28
Q

mechanism of amitryptiline (tricyclic antidepressant)

A

suggested
inhibits membrane pump mechanism responsible for re-uptake of transmitter amines (norepinephrine and serotonin)

29
Q

mechanism of amlodipine

A

dihydropyridine calcium antagonist
causes influx of calcium ions to smooth and cardiac muscle

30
Q

mechanism of amoxicillin (gram +ve - strep)

A

inhibits penicillin binding protein-1 leading to upregulation of autolytic enzymes and inhibition of cell wall synthesis

31
Q

mechanism of buprenorphine

A

partial agonist against Mu-receptor
antagonist at kappa receptor

32
Q

mechanism of carbimazole (hyperthyroidism)

A

decreases uptake of iodine by thyroid
reduces formation of di-iodotyrosine and thyroxine
prevents coupling of peroxidase and iodinating the tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin - stop production of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones

33
Q

mechanism of codeine

A

selective agonist for Mu-receptor

34
Q

mechanism of doxycycline (tetracyclines)

A

inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by allosterically binding to 30S (ribosomes)

35
Q

mechanism of flucloxacillin (gram positive except for staph A)

A

inhibits 3rd and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins

36
Q

mechanism of furosemide (diuretic)

A

blocks tubular resorption of sodium and chloride through competitive inhibition of NKCC2
decreases excretion of uric acid

37
Q

mechanism of gabapentin

A

unclear
inhibits calcium ion channels?

38
Q

mechanism of methadone

A

full agonist against u-receptors, k-recetpros, and o-receptors
strong inhibition of seritonin and norepinephrine uptake - likely contributes to anti-nociceptive pain

39
Q

mechanism of morphine

A

agonist of mu and kappa receptors

40
Q

mechanism of naloxone

A

opioid receptor antaognist
competitive inhibitor of u-receptor

41
Q

mechanism of omeprazole (eradication of h-pylori!)

A

proton pump inhibitor
inhibits ATPase

42
Q

mechanism of pregabalin

A

suggested
binding to voltage gated calcium channels
anticonvulsant

43
Q

mechanism of tramadol

A

agonist for u-receptor

pharmacology y1 (10 decks)

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