Mechanics of respiration, diaphragm and pleura - Anatomy

Question 1

What is the visceral vs parietal pleura?

Answer 1

Parietal pleura=outer membrane.

Visceral pleura=covers the lung.

Question 2

The parietal pleura is attached to what?

Answer 2

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

The parietal and visceral pleura are continuous with one another at the __________.

What is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura?
What is the purpose of the pleura?

Answer 4

Question 5

Where is the inferior portion of the lung, the visceral pleura, the parietal pleura (midclavicular line, midauxillary line, scapular line).

Answer 5

Mid-clavicular line: 6th rib vs 8th rib for parietal pleura.

Mid-auxillary: 8th to 10th rib.

Scapular line 10th to 12th rib.

Question 6

What is a pleural recess? where are they in the thorax?

Answer 6

The lungs expand into these recesses during forced inspiration.

Costomediastinal recess: angle of reflexion costal pleura and mediastinal pleura at the anterior boarder of the pleura.

Costodiaphragmatic recess: angle of reflection of costal and diaphragmatic pleura at the inferior boarder.

Question 7

Which pleura senses pain?

Explain the innervation of the pleura

Answer 7

Question 8

What are the parts of the sternum?

Which ribs articulate with the sternum, which ones are free floating? How are they names?

Answer 8

True vs false vs floating ribs.

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

What are the 3 articulations of the true ribs?

Answer 10

Question 11

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Question 12

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Question 13

Contraction of the diaphragm changes which diameter?

Elevation of the ribs by inspiration causes changes in which diameters?

Answer 13

Question 14

Explain the pump handle movements of the ribs?

Answer 14

Ribs and sternum move as a single structure.

Spread out laterally (because of the shape of ribs) and increase in anteroposterior diameter.

Question 15

Explain the bucket handle movement of ribs?

Answer 15

Rotation at sternocostal joint and costovertebral joint.

No rotation at costotransverse joint but a gliding movement.

Mostly occurs at lower ribs (where as pump handle movement is upper ribs).

Lower ribs spread laterally and transverse diameter of thorax increases.

Is produced mainly by diaphragm.

Question 16

Answer 16

Question 17

What are the bounds of the thoracic aperture?

Answer 17

Question 18

Contents of superior and inferior thoracic aperture (dont have to know it that well, just think about it).

Answer 18

Question 19

Parts of the diaphragm?

What are the special bits off the red one?

Answer 19

Sternal: back of xiphoid process.

Costal: off ribs.

Lumbar: arising from lumbar vertebra, forms two muscular crura that ascend to the central tendon,

Question 20

Different layers of intercostal muscles and their function?

Answer 20

Superficial: External intercostals: elevate the ribs=inspiration. (fingers in pockets direction of muscle fibres)

Middle: Internal intercostals: depress the ribs=expiration. (uppward and forward direction of muscle)

Deep: Innermost intercostals (3 layers): depress=expiration. (upward and forward direction of muscle).

3 layers of innermost (anterior to posterior)=transverse thoracic, innermost intercostal, subcostalis.

Question 21

What are the nerve, artery and vein that run in between the intercostal muscles?

What layer do they run in between?

Answer 21

Question 22

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Question 23

Muscle in green?

Answer 23

Question 24

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Question 25

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Question 26

What muscles are used in forced expiration?

Answer 26

Question 27

Answer 27