Lower respiratory system - Anatomy Flashcards
Explain the air conductance tree from the trachea down
Shape of the trachea?
How many bits of cartilage?
What is the muscle as the back of the trachea?
What is filled in between each bit of cartilage anteriorly?
What sits in front of top tracheal cartilage?
What vertebral level does the trachea extend to and from? How long is the trachea?
What is the sternal angle? What vertebral level is it?
What is the ridge of cartilage which occurs in the lumen at the level of tracheal bifurcation?
Carnia.
During inspiration does the trachea get shorter or longer?
Longer because it pulls the trachea downward.
What are the different segments of the bronchi going from largest to smallest?
Which bronchi are extrapulmonary, which are intrapulmonary?
How do they differ in structure?
A conducting tube less than 1mm is considered a….
Bronchiole
Do goblet cells or cilia extend further down the respiratory tree?
When do both become completely absent and what takes over?
Which of these structures undergoes gaseous exchange?
Respiratory bronchiole does, terminal bronchiole does not
Terminal bronchiole is lined with what epithelium?
Respiratory bronchioles are covered by what? What is special about these?
What structures are included in the acinus?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
The alveoli ducts connect the _______ to the ________, each of which contain _______.
respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs. Each of which contains collections of alveoli.
What is the name of the layers of tissue which separate the lumen of the alvoli from the lumen of the pulmonary capillary?
Air blood barrier aka respiratory membrane.
What are the names of the 3 surfaces of the lung?
What are the top and the bottom of the lung called?
Medial surface of the lung is separated into two parts.
Explain the two parts
Mediastinal part: depression for the heart and pericardium.
vertebral part: in contact with the thoracic vertebra.
What are the different borders of the lung?
Anteiror: separates the medial and costal surface of lung.
Inferior: separates diaphragmatic from costal and medial surfaces.
Posterior: separates costal and (vertebral) medial surface.
Where is the hilum of the lung, what is its contents and what do these structures form?
What is the root of the lung?
The contents of the hilum: bronchi, nerves, lymphatics and blood vessels.
How are the structures of the root of the lung structured as they go through the hilum?
In the hilum the left pulmonary artery is the highest structure on the left side, just inferior to it is the left main bronchus.
On the right side the right pulmonary artery is ANTERIOR to the right main bronchus.
The lowest structures should be the pulmonary veins (on the right and the left).
What are the different lobes of the lungs?
What are the different fissures of the lung?
What are the specific features?
Each lobe of the lung is further divided into separate __________.
What are each of these supplied by?
and drained by?
The smallest functionally independant region of the lung is….
This means that it is surgically….
Explain the bronchial arteries and how they drain (i.e. which veins are used?)
Are these pathways distinct?
These two systems are not distinct, in other words blood from the bronchial system can get into the pulmonary system and vice versa. Because of the pressure differences this is normally not a problem however when it comes to pathologies then it can become a problem. If there is high pressure in the pulmonary artery then it may bypass via the bronchial circuit which means that it does not get oxygenated/decarboxylated and it can be a problem. This can be excluded in the case of a healthy patient.
How does lymph drain from the lungs?
From nodes throughout the lung to the right and left bronchomediastinal trunks which go to the right lymphatic trunk and thoracic duct which then join the systemic venous system.
