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GBA Physics > Mechanics II : Pressure, Oscillations, Waves. > Flashcards

Mechanics II : Pressure, Oscillations, Waves. Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Pressure:

A

Pressure (p) is the force (F) applied perpendicular to a surface area (A).

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2
Q

SI Unit of Pressure:

A

SI Unit of Pressure: Pascal (Pa).

1 Pa = 1 N/m^2

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3
Q

Other commonly used units of pressure:

add the conversion values

A

1 mmHg = 133 Pa

1 bar = 105 Pa

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4
Q

What is the formula for Pressure?

A

๐‘=๐น/๐ด

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5
Q

________ is a physical quantity with important application in physics, physiology and medical procedures. E.g. blood _______ cuff measurement

A

Pressure is a physical quantity with important application in physics, physiology and medical procedures. E.g. blood pressure cuff measurement

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6
Q

Definition of Density (๐œŒ):

A

Density (๐œŒ): The mass (m) of a homogenous body divided by its volume (V)

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7
Q

Formula for Density:

A

๐œŒ=๐‘š/๐‘‰

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8
Q

SI Unit for Density:

A

Density SI unit: kg/m3

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9
Q

The density of materials depend on their temperature and ________.

A

The density of materials depend on their temperature and pressure.

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10
Q

Definition of Hydrostatic pressure:

A

Hydrostatic pressure: Pressure in gases and liquids due to gravity.

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11
Q

Formula for Hydrostatic pressure:

A

p= ฯโˆ™gโˆ™h

g is gravity constant (9.81m/s2 - precisely) and h is height (m).

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12
Q

Atmospheric (barometric) pressure - It ________ exponentially with elevation.

A

Atmospheric (barometric) pressure - It decreases exponentially with elevation.

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13
Q

The standard atmospheric pressure is ___ kPa= 1 atm

A

The standard atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa = 1 atm

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14
Q

The atmospheric pressure changes with _________

A

The atmospheric pressure changes with temperature

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15
Q

In a mixture of gases, each gas in the mixture will exert a pressure, this is called the _____ _______

A

In a mixture of gases, each gas in the mixture will exert a pressure, this is called the partial pressure

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16
Q

Formula for Partial Pressure:

A

๐‘ƒ๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘’=๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘ ๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘ก๐‘’ ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘’ โˆ™๐‘“๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘› ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘”๐‘Ž๐‘ 

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17
Q

Oxygen (21%) as an example for Partial pressure at sea level:

A

Partial pressure of O2 at sea level (PO2) = 1atm21%O2(of air) = 101kPa0.21 = 21.2kPa

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18
Q

The total pressure in the gas mixture is the ___ of all partial pressures

A

The total pressure in the gas mixture is the sum of all partial pressures

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19
Q

What is an Oscillation?

A

The periodic motion around an equilibrium point.

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20
Q

Sound in form of speech is created due to _______ of the vocal cords and hearing due to _________ of auditory ossicles.

A

Sound in form of speech is created due to oscillation of the vocal cords and hearing due to oscillation of auditory ossicles.

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21
Q

Definition of Harmonic oscillation:

A

Harmonic oscillation: Restoring force is working on a system displaced out of equilibrium.

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22
Q

For Harmonic Oscillation - The displacement is given as sine function of time, What is the formula?

A

๐‘ฆ=๐ดโˆ™sinโก(๐œ”๐‘ก+๐œ‘0)
๐œ” - angular frequency,
๐œ‘0 - initial phase
A - amplitude

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23
Q

What is the Point of equilibrium (In Oscillations) ?

A

Point of equilibrium: The point the system oscillates around

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24
Q

What is the Displacement (In Oscillations) ?

A

Displacement: The movement of the oscillating object away from the equilibrium point.

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25
Q

What is the Amplitude (A- In oscillations)?: Maximal displacement

A

Amplitude (A): Maximal displacement

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26
Q

What is the Period (T)?

A

Period (T): Duration of one cycle (s).

27
Q

What is Frequency (f)? Unit?

A

Frequency (f): Number of cycles per unit time (1/s = Hz)

28
Q

What is the formula for Frequency?

A

๐‘“=1/๐‘‡

1/s = Hz

29
Q

What is Angular frequency (๐Ž)?

A

Angular frequency (๐Ž) : 2๐œ‹ times frequency (1/s)

30
Q

What is the Angular frequency (๐Ž) Formula

A

๐œ”=2๐œ‹โˆ™๐‘“

31
Q

A physical system undergoing oscillations, is called an _______

A

A physical system undergoing oscillations, is called an oscillator

32
Q

What is Hookeโ€™s Law?

A

๐น=โˆ’๐‘˜*๐‘ฅ
๐น - Elastic Force of a Spring
๐‘˜ - Spring Constant (Hookeโ€™s)
x - Displacement

33
Q

Define Simple Harmonic Oscillation, give an example as well

A

No energy loss during the motion

Classical example: Mass on a spring oscillator (Hookeโ€™s Law)

34
Q

What is Natural frequency (also called Eigenfrequency) ?

A

Natural frequency (also called Eigenfrequency) is the frequency of free oscillation (spontaneous oscillation without any external stimuli).

35
Q

What is the formula for calculation of Eigenfrequency?

A

๐‘“0=1/2๐œ‹ โˆš(๐‘˜/๐‘š)

36
Q

Definition of Damped oscillation:

A

Damped oscillation: Oscillations with energy loss as the time progress. Amplitude decreases with time.

37
Q

Define Driven oscillation:

A

Driven oscillation: An external force is driving the oscillation.

38
Q

What is Resonance?

A

Resonance: Vibration of a driven force together with a system

39
Q

What is the Resonance curve?

A

Resonance curve: Represent the oscillation amplitude as a function of the driving frequency.

40
Q

Resonance curve -The magnitude of resonance depends on _______ of the system

A

Resonance curve -The magnitude of resonance depends on damping of the system

41
Q

Resonance curve - In a driven system, the resonance frequency goes towards the ___________

A

Resonance curve - In a driven system, the resonance frequency goes towards the eigenfrequency

42
Q

What is a Wave?

A

A wave is a propagating oscillation

43
Q

What types of waves are there? (based on origin, with examples)

A

1) Mechanical Waves (e.g. sound waves)

2) Electromagnetic wave (e.g. visible light, UV light)

44
Q

What types of waves are there? (direction of oscillation and propagation)

A

1) Transverse Wave : The direction of oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
2) Longitudinal Wave : The direction of oscillation is parallel to the direction of propagation

45
Q

What is a Wavelength (๐œ†)? Unit?

A

Wavelength (๐œ†): The distance between two points of a wave with the same phase [m]

46
Q

What is a Wave front?

A

Wave front: Surface containing points of waves in identical phases

47
Q

Propagation of a wave: What is C?

A

C is the speed of light

Which is constnat?

48
Q

Propagation of a wave: What is the releeationship between C, the Wavelength and the frequency of the Wave?

A

๐‘= ๐œ†/๐‘‡=๐œ†โˆ™1/๐‘‡=๐œ†๐‘“

from v=x/t

49
Q

What is the Huygens-Fresnel principle?

A

Huygens-Fresnel principle: Concept of wave propagation. Every point of a wave-front is a source of a further wave.

50
Q

What is a Spherical Wave?

A

The waves originate from a common point, but propagate in every direction.

51
Q

What is a Plane wave?

A

Plane wave: The wave front form parallel planes to each other, but perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

52
Q

Definition of Diffraction:

A

Diffraction: Occur when many sources of waves are present.

53
Q

Definition of Interference:

A

Interference: Occur when 2 waves originating from different sources emerges and converge

54
Q

Interference - Based on Principle of _________: The resulting wave is the sum of each individual wave function

A

Interference - Based on Principle of Superposition: The resulting wave is the sum of each individual wave function

55
Q

Superposition means for the resulting wave that:

A

๐‘…๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘›๐‘” ๐‘ค๐‘Ž๐‘ฃ๐‘’=๐‘ค๐‘Ž๐‘ฃ๐‘’1+๐‘ค๐‘Ž๐‘ฃ๐‘’2

56
Q

What types of Interference are there?

A

Can be constructive or destructive

57
Q

Definition of Polarization:

A

Oscillation (i.e Light) is oriented in a preferred direction by a polarizer.
Only transverse waves can be polarized

58
Q

Reflection Definition:

A

Reflection: The incident ray or part of it is returned at the interface between different media.

59
Q

Types of Reflection:

A

1) Specular Reflection

2) Diffuse Reflection

60
Q

Formula for law of reflection:

A

Formula for law of reflection:
๐›ผ=๐›ฝ
๐›ผ - Incident Angle
๐›ฝ - Reflected Angle

61
Q

Definition of Refraction:

A

Refraction: Change of direction when an incidence wave propagates from one medium into another.

62
Q

What is Snellโ€™s Law?

A

Snellโ€™s Law: Describes the relationship between the angle of the incidence (๐œƒ1) and refractory wave (๐œƒ2) when passing from one medium (๐‘›1) to another medium (๐‘›2).

63
Q

Formula for Snellโ€™s Law:

A

๐‘›1 *sinโก(๐œƒ1)=๐‘›2 *sinโก(๐œƒ2)

๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘›(๐œƒ1)/๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘›(๐œƒ2 )=๐‘1/๐‘2

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