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Anesthesiology > Mechanical Ventilation > Flashcards

Mechanical Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of thoracic abnormalities that affect spontaneous ventilation (5)

A
  • Open chest
  • pneumothorax, -
  • pleural effusion
  • external pressure on the chest
  • obesity
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2
Q

_____: Total volume of new air entering the alveoli each minute

A

alveolar minute ventilation (Va)

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3
Q

In pressure controlled ventilation, the _________ delivered to the patient will depend upon the respiratory compliance

A

tidal volume

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4
Q

___________, also known as Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation, is a system where the patient is unable to initiate a breath and the operator sets the tidal volume and respiratory rate

A

controlled ventilation

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5
Q

Factors affecting spontaneous ventilation (4)

A
  • CNS depresssion
  • thoracic abnormalities
  • increased intraabdominal pressure
  • hypoventilation
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6
Q

Re-expanding a lung can result in ________ or __________

A
  • reperfusion injury

- acute respiratory distress syndrome

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7
Q

In controlled ventilation, ideally PIP should be < ____ cm H2O to avoid barotrauma and TV should be < ____ mL/kg to avoid volutrauma

A
  • <20 cm H2O

- <20 mL/kg

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8
Q

_____________ is to reduce the work of breathing for a patient who is able to initiate the breath

A

assisted ventilation

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9
Q

_________: manual positive pressure ventilation system used exclusively in large animals

A

demand valve (too easy to overinflate lungs in small animals)

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10
Q

PEEP reduces ______ and can have a profound cardiovascular impact on hypovolemic patients

A

venous return

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11
Q

_____: Volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath

A

tidal volume (TV)

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12
Q

______Energy required by respiratory muscles to produce an inspiration

A

Work of breathing

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13
Q

increased intraabdominal pressure causes decreased alveolar ventilation due to _______

A

reduced compliance

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14
Q

What is the purpose of positive end expiratory pressure?

A

to avoid collapse of the poorly ventilated alveoli

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15
Q

normal airway pressure is ____-____ cm H2O

A

10-20 cm H2O

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16
Q

3 causes of atelectasis

A
  • compression atelectasis
  • absorption atelectasis
  • decreased surfactant
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17
Q

3 manual positive pressure ventilation systems

A
  • ET tube with reservoir bag
  • Ambu bag
  • Demand valve
18
Q

Examples of CNS depression that affect spontaneous ventilation (4)

A
  • general anesthesia
  • sedatives
  • opiods
  • CNS disease
19
Q

4 measurements of ventilation which can be adjusted to maintain normocapnia

A
  • TV
  • PIP
  • RR
  • I:E
20
Q

How is atelectasis treated?

A

recruiting manuvers (artificial sigh) followed by PEEP

21
Q

Amount of air entering the alveoli equals ____ minus ________

A
  • TV
  • anatomical
    dead space volume
22
Q

5 potential causes of patient asynchrony

A
  • light anesthetic plan
  • nociception
  • hypercapnia
  • hypoxemia
  • hyperthermia
23
Q

3 potential consequences of atelectasis

A
  • v/q mismatch
  • hypoxemia
  • risk of post-operative pulmonary infection.
24
Q

________: measure of the lung’s ability to stretch and expand, is the change in volume for any given applied pressure

A

Compliance

25
Q

the airway pressure in volume controlled ventilation will depend on the _______

A

compliance of the respiratory system

26
Q

2 modalities of controlled ventilation

A
  • volume controlled

- pressure controlled

27
Q

High expiratory CO2 indicates ___________

A

hypoventilation

28
Q

Potential physiological consequences of PEEP (4)

A
  • High and sustained intrathoracic pressure can cause decreased venous return resulting in hypotension,
  • risk of barotrauma
  • risk of pneumothorax
  • diaphragmatic hernia
29
Q

Mandatory situations requiring ventilatory support (6)

A
  • Open chest surgery
  • Use of neuromuscular
    blocker agents
  • Respiratory arrest
  • Lung disease where normoxemia is not maintained by
    supplementing O2
  • Hypercapnia
  • Patients that cannot tolerate
    increases in CO2 (i.e: brain
    tumors)
30
Q

______________ occurs when the timing of the ventilator cycle is not simultaneous with the timing of the patient’s respiratory cycle

A

Patient-Ventilator Asynchrony

31
Q

4 causes of hypoxia

A
  • hypoventilation
  • diffusion limitation
  • shunt
  • ventilation-perfusion inequality
32
Q

_________: Total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute

A

minute ventilation (Vm)

33
Q

2 categories of Positive Pressure Ventilation Systems

A
  • manual

- mechanical

34
Q

PEEP is usually kept at ___-____ cm H2O

A

5-10 cm H2O

35
Q

During _________ positive pressure is generated in the breathing system producing movement of air into the alveoli.

A

positive pressure ventilation

36
Q

low expiratory CO2 indicates __________

A

hyperventilation

37
Q

6 situations where ventilatory support is highly recommended

these groups of animals are prone to severe hypoventilation, therefore ventilatory support can become mandatory

A
  • low lung/chest compliance
  • obese
  • GDV
  • pregnant
  • horses
  • laparoscopic surgery
38
Q

Examples of increased abdominal pressure that affect spontaneous ventilation (6)

A
  • Pregnancy
  • GDV
  • abdominal fluids
  • large abdominal masses
  • pneumoperitoneum
  • obesity
39
Q

_________: collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange.

A

atelectasis

40
Q

Energy is required by the lungs in order to overcome 3 things

A
  • to expand the lungs against elastic forces
  • to overcome the viscosity of the
    lung and chest wall structures
  • to overcome airway resistance
41
Q

CNS depression causes decreased alveolar ventilation due to __________

A

reduced central drive

Anesthesiology (13 decks)

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