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Anesthesiology > Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy During Anesthesia > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy During Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

water moves between compartments via ________ and _______

A
  • osmosis

- starling forces

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2
Q

3 benefits to low volume resuscitation (as for hemorrhagic shock)

A
  • prevent dilution of RBCs and clotting factors
  • avoids large increases in blood pressure
  • improves patient outcome
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3
Q

clinical signs of hypovolemia

A
  • tachycardia
  • hypotension
  • weak pulses
  • prolonged CRT
  • cool extremities
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4
Q

3 sources of ongoing fluid losses

A
  • surgical hemorrhage
  • diuresis
  • GI losses
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5
Q

4 main electrolytes of the intracellular fluid compartment

A
  • Mg
  • K
  • proteins
  • organic phosphates
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6
Q

2 methods of estimating blood loss intra-op

A
  • weighing sponges

- volume in suction cannisters

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7
Q

2 IV cath sites in the dog

A
  • cephalic/accessory cephalic vein

- lateral saphenous vein

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8
Q

4 reasons for continuous IV access

A
  • provide fluid therapy
  • administer drugs
  • transfusion therapy
  • anesthetic monitoring
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9
Q

4 benefits/characteristics of fresh frozen plasma in fluid therapy

A
  • colloid
  • volume expansion
  • oncotic support
  • clotting factors
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10
Q

3 fluid compartments of the body

A
  • intracellular fluids
  • intravascular fluid compartment
  • interstitial fluids
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11
Q

4 co-morbidities affecting fluid administration

A
  • cardiac
  • renal
  • GI
  • liver disease
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12
Q

PE findings for 10% dehydrated

A

Considerable loss of skin turgor,
severely sunken eyes, very dry mm,
obtunded, ↑ HR, ↓ BP

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13
Q

clinical signs of dehydration

A 
- loss of skin turgor
dry mucous membranes
- sunken eyes
- severe weak pulses
- tachycardia
- hypotension
- obtunded
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14
Q

clinical signs of dehydration and hypothermia (6)

A
  • skin tenting
  • dry mm
  • prolonged CRT
  • increase HR
  • cool extremities
  • poor pulses
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15
Q

water moves between compartments via ________ and _______

A
  • osmosis

- starling forces

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16
Q

________ loss of whole body water

A

dehydration

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17
Q

________ is the gold standard for anesthesia monitoring in horses

A

arterial catheterization

18
Q

What are the 2 problems of hemorrhagic shock

A
  • hypovolemia

- loss of oxygen carrying capacity

19
Q

3 main electrolytes of the intracellular fluid compartment

A
  • Na
  • Cl
  • HCO3
20
Q

Uses of arterial catheterization

A
  • monitoring of continuous BP

- monitoring of respiratory gases

21
Q

What is the fluid plan in the event of hemorrhagic shock?

A
  • LRS: calculate shock dose and administer 1/4 to 1/3
  • hypertonic saline: 2-4 mL/kg slowly over 5 minutes, repeat as needed
  • hetastarch: 2-5 mL/kg bolus and repeat up to total dose of 20 mL/kg/day
22
Q

Lab tests to show fluid status (4)

A
  • PCV/TS
  • lactate
  • BUN & creatinine
  • USG
23
Q

3 places arterial catheters can be placed in the horse

A
  • facial artery
  • transverse facial artery
  • dorsal metatarsal artery
24
Q

6 possible surrogate markers of perfusion and cardiac output to guide fluid therapy

A
  • HR
  • BP
  • Central Venous Pressure
  • lactate
  • Pulse Pressure Variation
  • urine output
25
Q

3 disadvantages of hetastarch

A
  • volume overloading
  • coagulopathies
  • renal damage
26
Q

Advantage of hetastarch

A

dwell within the IVF space

27
Q

PE findings for 8% dehydrated

A

Moderate loss of skin turgor, dry mm,

thready pulses, sunken eyes, ↑ HR

28
Q

2 benefits of whole blood and packed RBCs

A
  • volume expansion

- increased oxygen carrying capacity

29
Q

fluid maintenance rate for dog/horse

A

5 mL/kg/hr

30
Q

________: loss of fluid from the vascular compartment

A

hypovolemia

31
Q

possible complications of vascular access

A
  • vessel trauma
  • thrombophlebitis
  • catheter site infection
    extravasation of fluids into SQ tissue
  • air embolization
    exsanguination
  • thrombosis
  • hematoma
  • catheter breakage
  • osteomyelitis (esp. IO)
  • loss of arterial blood flow to the distal limb
  • inadvertent administration of medications through the catheter
32
Q

2 uses of hetastarch

A
  • rapid volume expansion

- oncotic support

33
Q

3 steps to creating a fluid therapy plan (isotonic crystalloid fluid therapy)

A
  • calculate fluid deficit
  • add maintenance requirements
  • add ongoing losses
34
Q

3 potential complications of arterial catheterization

A
  • hemorrhage/hematoma
  • air embolism
  • inadvertant injection of drugs
35
Q

Which two bones should you use for an IO catheter in a bird? Which two should you not use?

A
  • ulna/tibiotarsus

- humerus/femur

36
Q

every 2 mL/kg of whole blood given will raise the patient’s PCV by ____%

A

1%

37
Q

fluid maintenance rate for cat

A

3 mL/kg/hr

38
Q

IV cath sites for a rabbit (4)

A
  • marginal vein of the ear
  • saphenous vein
  • cephalic vein
  • jugular vein
39
Q

2 IV cath sites in the cat

A
  • cephalic vein

- femoral vein

40
Q

PE findings for 5% dehydrated

A

Minimal loss of skin turgor, dry mm,

normal eye position

Anesthesiology (13 decks)

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