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Foriensic Medicine > Mechanical Asphyxia > Flashcards

Mechanical Asphyxia Flashcards

1
Q

Asphyxia definition

A

Exclusion of air from lungs

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2
Q

Hypoxia definition

A

Inadequade supply of O2 at tissue level.

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3
Q

Anoxia definition

A

Complete absence of O2 at tissue level

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4
Q

Types of anoxia

A

Anoxiac
Stagnant
Histotoxic
Anaemic

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5
Q

Classification of hanging

A

Degree of suspension
Complete
Partial

Position of knot
Typical
Atypical

Manner of hanging
Suicidal
Homicidal
Accidental
Judicial

Relation to death
Antemortem
Postmortem

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6
Q

Classification of strangulation ( love makes girls pretty and boys muscular)

A

Ligature
Manual strangulation / throttling
Garotting
Palmer
Bansdola
Mugging

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7
Q

Classification of suffocation (smart girls crack the wonderful personalities in boys)

A

Smothering
Gagging
Choking
Traumatic asphyxia
Wedging
Positional asphyxia
Overlaying
Burking

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8
Q

Classification of drowning

A

Typical (wet)
Freshwater
Seawater

Atypical (dry)
Immersion syndrome (hydrocution)
Near drowning
Secondary drowning
Shallow water drowning

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9
Q

Types of knot in hanging

A

Slipknot
Fixed / granny knot

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10
Q

Sites of knot around neck in hanging

A

Occiput
Mastoid /mandibular angle
Below chin

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11
Q

Types of noose in hanging

A

Running noose
Fixed noose

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12
Q

Cuases of immediate death after hanging

A

Asphyxia (trachea occlusion)
Venous congestion (obstruction of jugular vein)
Cerebral ischaemia (occlusion of blood vessels of neck)
Reflex vagal inhibition of heart (pressure on carotid bodies)
Fracture dislocation of cervical vertebrae (judicial hanging)

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13
Q

Causes of delayed death in hanging

A

Aspiration pneumonia
Pulmonary oedema
Infection and septicaemia
Hypoxic encephalopathy
Brain abscess
Laryngeal oedema

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14
Q

Autoerotic asphyxia (sexual asphyxia)

A

Partial asphyxia by means to enhance sexual arousal.
Hanging
Suffocation (plastic bags)
Manual pressure ( carotid vessels)
Accidental( not suicidal)

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15
Q

Signs of homicidal throttling

A

Multiple number of bruises
Fingernail marks
Victims : weak individuals
More marked on young + healthy
Present on both accused and victim

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16
Q

Example of combination of amothering and strangulation

A

Palmer strangulation

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17
Q

Bansdola

A

Neck complessed between two bamboos

18
Q

Mugging

A

Holding neck of the victim in bend of the elbow from behind.

19
Q

Types of smothering

A

Accidental
Homicidal
Suicidal (rare) (mentally retarded)

20
Q

Classification of Drowning

A

Wet drowning
Dry drowning
Immersion syndrome (hydrocution)
Near drowning (<24 hr)
Secondary drowning (>24 hr)
Shallow water drowning

21
Q

Lynching

A

Type of homicidal killing
Hanging without legal trial

Lynch’s law

22
Q

Cause of death in lynching

A

Asphyxia (hanged)

23
Q

Cafe coronary

A

Sudden death due to obstruction of upper airways by bolus of food.
By Dr. Roger Haugen

24
Q

Mechanism of death by cafe coronary

A

Large bolus stimulates recurrent laryngeal nerve leading to cardiac arrest.
Large bolus stimulates vagus nerve to dilate esophagus causing bronchospasm + bradycardia leading cardiac arrest.

25
Q

Cause of death by cafe coronary

A

Reflex vagal inhibition of heart

26
Q

Postmortem findings in cafe coronary

A

Large bolus at entrance of larynx

Signs of choking/asphyxia occur first then death occurs by vagal inhibition

27
Q

External postmortem findings in traumatic asphyxia

A

External
Clear line of demarcation
Above level of compression (retrograde displacement of blood from SVC into subclavian vein, face + lips + scalp swollen, cyanosis + congestion + purple decoloration on body, ears + eyes bleed)
Below level of compression (pale /mildly cyanosed)

28
Q

Internal postmortem findings in traumatic asphyxia

A

Fractures of ribs,sternum,vertebrae.
Brain congestion.
Distended right side of heart.
Contusions /lacerations on lungs and heart.

29
Q

Causes of wet drowning

A

Asphyxia
Head injury
Exhaution
Hypothermia
Ventricular fibrillation
Apoplexy

30
Q

Types of wet drowning

A

Fresh water
Sea water

31
Q

Mechanism of fresh water drowning
Fatal period : 4min

A

Hypervolaemia
Haemodilution
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
Hypoxiaemia
Metabolic acidosis causing ventricular fibrillation leads death.

32
Q

Mechanism of sea water drowning
Fatal period : 8-12min

A

Hypovolaemia
Hypernatraemia
Hypoxaemia leading to heart failure causing death.

33
Q

Characteristics of froth in fresh water drowning

A

Fine
White
Leathery
Tenacious
Reappears on chest commpression
Sometimes blood stained
Bubbles don’t readily collapse

34
Q

Cutis anserina / goose skin / goose flesh

A

Skin is granular + puckered
Usually in Wet drowning (cold water)
Antemortem
Due to contraction of erector pilorum muscle.

Postmortem
Dead body in water while muscles still irritable (rigor mortis / erector pilorum contraction)

35
Q

Washerman’s hands and feet

A

Skin is
bleached
Sodden
Thickened
Wrinkled
A sign of immersion (not antemortem drowning) (seen early in warm water)

36
Q

Events in Washerman’s hand and feet

A

2-4 h: wrinkling+sodding of fingertips
4-8 h: bleching of epidermis
24 h: wrinkling+sodding+bleaching (hand)
48 h: peeling of cuticle (palm+sole)
3-4 days: skin peeled like glove

37
Q

External features of wet drowning

A

Face
Froth
Cutis anserina /goose skin / goose flesh
Washerman’s hand and feet
Cadaveric spasm
Rigor mortis / putrefaction
Hypostasis

38
Q

Internal features of wet drowning

A

Trachae+bronchi full of froth+water
Congested / pale lungs
Paltauf’s haemorhhage
Emphysema aquosum+oedema aquosum (characteristic)
Hydrostatic lung (wothout froth)
Right side of heart dilated
Water (stomach+middle ear,paranasal sinus)
Oedematous brain
Blood in fluid
Spleen size+weight decresed
All Organs are congested

39
Q

Paltauf’s haemorhhage

A

Haemorhhage die to rupture of alveolar walls
Subpleural haemorhhages in lungs
Multiple
Shining pale pink /bluish rush
3-5 cm in diameter
Commonly in lower lobe /interlobular surfaces /ant. Surface of lungs

40
Q

Effect of fresh water drowning on RBCs

A

Water enters the RBC by osmosis
RBC swells
Burst - Haemolysis
Haemoglobinemia
Haemoglobinuria
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatraemia

41
Q

Effect of freshwater drowning on lungs

A

Denatures protective surfactant leading to pulmonary oedema

Foriensic Medicine (10 decks)

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