Measurment Error Confounds

Question 1

Random error

Answer 1

Obscures results

Question 2

Constant error

Answer 2

Biases results

Question 3

Extranious variables

Answer 3

Variables out of the scientist control

Question 4

Confounding variables

Answer 4

Extranious varaibles that disproportionately affect one level of the IV more than the other

Introduce treat to internal validity

Question 5

Selection

Answer 5

Bias resulting from selection or assignments of participnats to different levels of the IV

Question 6

History

Answer 6

Uncontrolled events that take placce between testing occassions

Question 7

Maturation

Answer 7

Intrinsic chnages in the characteristic of participants between different test occassions

Question 8

Instrumentation

Answer 8

Changes in the sensitivity or reliability of measurment instrument during the course of the study

Question 9

Reactivity

Answer 9

Awarness that they are being observed altering behaviour

Question 10

Precision

Answer 10

Exactness (consistency)

Question 11

Accuracy

Answer 11

Corectness (truthfulness)

Question 12

Reliability :precision (consistency)

Answer 12

The extent to which our measure would provide the same result under the same conditions

Question 13

Validity(accuracy or truthfulness)

Answer 13

The extent to which it is measuring the construct we are interested in

Question 14

Test-retest reliability

Answer 14

Measures flactuations from one time to another

Beware of order effect

Question 15

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 15

Measures flatuations between observers

Question 16

Parallel forms reliability

Answer 16

If we administer different versions of our measure to the same participants would we achieve the same results?

Beware of order effect

Question 17

Internal consistency

Answer 17

determines whether all items (ex: in a quesionnaire) measure the same construct

bewre of order effect

Question 18

Content Validity

Answer 18

Does our test measure the construct fully

Question 19

Face validity

Answer 19

does it look like a good test

Question 20

Criterion Validity

Answer 20

Does our measure give results which are in agreement with other measures of the same thing? (aka previous studies)

Concurent - comparison of new test with established test
Predicitve - does the test predict outcome on another variable

Question 21

Construct validity

Answer 21

Is te construct we’re trying to measure valid?

Question 22

Convergent validity

Answer 22

Connected to tests of the same and related constructs

Question 23

Discriminant validity

Answer 23

doesn’t have a connection with test of different or unrelated constructs

Question 24

True Causation

Answer 24

It can only be established when neccesity and sufficiency criteria have been satisfied

Question 25

Random sample

Answer 25

each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
usually quasi-random

Question 26

Systematic

Answer 26

draw from the population at fixed intervals, problematic in populations with a periodic function

Question 27

Stratfied sample

Answer 27

Proportional: specified groups appear in numbers proportional to their size in the population

Disproportional: specified groups which ar not equally represented in the population are selected in equal proportions

Question 28

Cluster sample

Answer 28

reseracher samples an entire group or cluster from the population ofi nterest

Question 29

opportunity/Conveniece sample

Answer 29

people who are available atm

Question 30

Snowball sampling

Answer 30

recruit a small number of participants and then use those initial contacts to recruit further participants

Question 31

Reactivity

Answer 31

Awareness they’re being observed may alter behaviour