Measures of Disease Frequency

Question 1

Definition of Epidemiology

Answer 1

Determinants: origins or factors that cause ailment
and
Distribution: how the issue is presenting itself; where is the disease at?

Question 2

John Snow

Answer 2

Father of epidemiology

Broadstreet Pump

Question 3

Core Functions of Epidemiology

Answer 3

1. Public Health surveillance
2. Field Investigation
3. Analytic Studies
4. Evaluation
5. Linkage
6. Policy Creation

Question 4

3 factors necessary to compare disease frequencies in different populations

Answer 4

Who (Person)
When (place)
Where (Time)

Question 5

Case Definition

Answer 5

set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance

Question 6

Case Fatality Rate

Answer 6

# of cause-specific deaths
--------------------------------------
# of cases of a certain disease

Question 7

Cause-specific Mortality Rate

Answer 7

# of cause-specific deaths
-----------------------------------------------
# of people in the population

Question 8

Cause specific morbidity rate

Answer 8

# of cases of a certain disease
--------------------------------------------------
# of people in a population

Question 9

Cause-specific survival rate

Answer 9

# of cases that are alive
--------------------------------------
# of cases of the disease

Question 10

Cluster

Answer 10

an epidemic that is limited to a localized area (aka “outbreak”

Question 11

Crude Morbidity Rate

Answer 11

# of cases of disease
------------------------------------
# of people in population

Question 12

Crude Mortality Rate

Answer 12

# of all-cause deaths
------------------------------------
# of people in population

Question 13

Cumulative Incidence

Answer 13

Incidence rate summed up over multiple periods of tim

Question 14

Disease Registries

Answer 14

a database that is used to track the characteristics/prevalence/incidence of a disease

Question 15

Endemic

Answer 15

A region where the baseline value of a disease is much higher when compared to other regions; usually the trend needs to be established for at least a year.

ex. AIDS in africa

Question 16

Epidemic

Answer 16

any increase in disease or incidence that is clearly in excess (anything unusually high)

Question 17

Fertility Rate

Answer 17

1,000 women of childbearing age in the population

Question 18

Fixed populations

Answer 18

the # of people in the population doesn’t change

Question 19

Dynamic populations

Answer 19

the # of people in the population changes

Question 20

Frequency

Answer 20

not just the count of disease occurrences, but also the counts in relation to the size of the population being considered

Question 21

NNDSS Incidence

Answer 21

National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System Incidence

Question 22

Incidence Density

Answer 22

The sum of incidence rates from multiple time periods

this helps reflect the force of disease over time

Question 23

Incidence Rate

Answer 23

# of new cases of illness 
---------------------------------------------
# of new people at risk

(aka attack rate)

ex. immune people must be subtracted from the denominator

Question 24

Incubation Period

Answer 24

time between exposure and onset of disease

synonymous with “induction period”

Question 25

Infant Mortality Rate

Answer 25

of deaths of children less than 1 year old ------------------------------------------------------------ 1,000 live births

Question 26

Infectivity

Answer 26

The ability a disease has to infect people ``` # infected --------------------- # susceptible ```

Question 27

Latency Period

Answer 27

Time between onset of the disease and the detection of the disease (symptoms or diagnosis)

Question 28

Live Birth Rate

Answer 28

of live births ------------------------------------- 1,000 people in the population

Question 29

Maternal Mortality Rate

Answer 29

of maternal deaths as a complication of pregnancy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100,000 live births

Question 30

MMWR

Answer 30

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report a scientific publication prepared by the CDC

Question 31

Morbidity

Answer 31

``` # of people with a disease ------------------------------------------- # of people in the population ```

Question 32

Mortality

Answer 32

``` # of total deaths ------------------------------------- # of people in the population ```

Question 33

Neonatal Mortality Rate

Answer 33

of deaths of children younger than 28 days old ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1,000 live births

Question 34

Outbreak

Answer 34

an epidemic that is limited to a localized population synonymous with "cluster"

Question 35

Pandemic

Answer 35

an epidemic that has reached a global scale and has a world-wide impact

Question 36

Pathogenicity

Answer 36

describes the ability to cause clinical disease ``` # with clinical disease ------------------------------------- # infected ```

Question 37

Virulence

Answer 37

synonomus with Case-fatality rate ``` # of cause specific deaths ---------------------------------------------- # with infectious disease ```

Question 38

Period Prevalence

Answer 38

the prevalence over a given period of time (usually annual) ``` # of cases of a disease ----------------------------------------- # of people in a population ```

Question 39

Person-Time

Answer 39

expresses a combination of the amount of people observed, and the length of time for which they were observed ex. 100 years in person-time could mean 10 people followed for 10 years, or 100 people followed for 1 year

Question 40

Postnatal Mortality Rate

Answer 40

of deaths in children between 28 days old and 1 year old ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1,000 live births

Question 41

Prevalence

Answer 41

of people with a certain disease + the new cases of disease ``` # of people with a certain disease --------------------------------------------------------- # of people in a population ```

Question 42

Prevalence Rate

Answer 42

``` # of people with a certain disease --------------------------------------------------------- # of people in a population ``` prevalence over a given period of time (usually annually)

Question 43

Point Prevalence

Answer 43

the prevalence at an exact, specified time ``` # of people with a certain disease --------------------------------------------------------- # of people in a population ```

Question 44

Population vs Sample

Answer 44

population is everyone in a designated demographic Sample is the group that was used to conduct a study

Question 45

Proportion

Answer 45

a simple part over whole percentage a division of 2 related numbers

Question 46

Proportional Mortality Rate

Answer 46

``` # of cause-specific deaths --------------------------------------------------- # of all deaths in a population ```

Question 47

Rate

Answer 47

a proportion percentage with time incorporated into the denominator

Question 48

Ratio

Answer 48

Division of 2 unrelated numbers The denominator is not a part of the denominator, unlike proportions

Question 49

Relative Differences

Answer 49

Compares the difference in 2 percentages ex. relative difference between 1% and 2% is 100%

Question 50

Risk

Answer 50

percentage of what could or could not occur "think proportion when you hear risk"

Question 51

Sentinel case

Answer 51

easily observable point on an epi graph that showcases the earliest outlier on the graph synonymous with index case

Question 52

cause-specific survival rate

Answer 52

``` # of cases that survived ------------------------------------------------- # of cases of the disease ```

Question 53

Proportional Mortality rate

Answer 53

``` # of cause specific deaths --------------------------------------------------- # of total deaths (all causes) ```

Question 54

Case-fatality Rate

Answer 54

``` # of cause specific deaths --------------------------------------------------------- # of cases ```

Question 55

Syndromic surveillance

Answer 55

a system the looks for predetermined signs/symptoms of patients related to trackable-but-rare diseases

Question 56

WHO

Answer 56

World Health Organization