Measurements and Uncertainties Flashcards

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1
Q

What does accurate/accuracy mean?

A

An experiment is accurate if the quantity being measured has a value that’s very close to the commonly accepted or true value.

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2
Q

What does precision mean?

A

The results of an experiment are precise if they are close together and have a small range. The smaller the range the higher the precision.

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3
Q

What is a Systematic Error?

A

An error that does not happen by chance but instead is introduced by an inaccuracy in the apparatus or its use by the person conducting the investigation.

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4
Q

What is a Zero Error?

A

An error that occurs when the apparatus shows a non-zero value when it should be a value of exactly zero.

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5
Q

What is a Parallax Error?

A

An error produced whenever a scale, gauge, or pointer is observed wrongly during an experiment due to the position of viewing and perception.

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6
Q

What is a Random Error?

A

A random error is an experimental error caused by unknown or unpredictable changes to the apparatus or conditions.

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7
Q

How do you reduce random errors?

A

Can be reduced or totally eliminated by the use of better techniques and instruments. This increases the accuracy of the experiment.

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8
Q

How do you reduce systematic errors?

A

Same as random errors.

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9
Q

What does resolution mean?

A

The smallest change in quantity that an instrument can measure. The higher the resolution, the higher the precision in repeat readings.

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10
Q

What is the absolute uncertainty/error?

A

The size of the range of values in which the true value of the measurement probably lies.

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11
Q

How do you find percentage uncertainty?

A

(uncertainty/average value ) * 100

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12
Q

How do you find the uncertainty for multiple readings?

A

range of readings / 2

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13
Q

What are the rules for determining percentage uncertainty?

A
  • If y = a * b then % uncertainty of y = % uncertainty of a + % uncertainty of b
  • If y = a / b then % uncertainty of y = % uncertainty of a + % uncertainty of b
  • If y = a^n then % uncertainty of y = n * % uncertainty of a
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14
Q

How do you determine uncertainty in the gradient?

A
  1. Errors bars may be added to each plotted point if the data points are not too scattered
  2. Draw line of best fit through scattered points (or error bars). Draw worst acceptable line.
  3. Determine the gradient of best fit line and gradient of worst acceptable line.
  4. Uncertainty = | gradient of best fit line - gradient of worst acceptable line |
  5. Percentage uncertainty in the gradient can be determined using (uncertainty/gradient of best fit line) * 100
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15
Q

How do you determine uncertainty in the y-intercept using maximum and minimum gradients?

A
  1. Errors bars may be added to each plotted point if hte data points are not too scattered
  2. Draw a best fit line through the scattered points (or error bars). The worst acceptable line is then drawn.
  3. Determine y-intercept of both lines.
  4. Uncertainty = | y-intercept of best fit line - y-intercept of worst acceptable line |
  5. Percentage uncertainty in the y-intercept = (uncertainty/y-intercept) * 100
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16
Q

How do you calculate % difference?

A

((experimented value - accepted value) / accepted value ) * 100