Measles Vaccines Cards Flashcards
Describe the genetic material/structure/family of measlesvirus
Paramyxovirus family, RNA genome, enveloped
How contagious is measles?
90% transmission after exposure
What are the antiviral treatments for measles?
There are no effective treatments.
Name the most important measles glycoproteins
H protein (hemagglutinin) and F protein (fusion)
How is measles transmitted?
Respiratory droplets and aerosolized small droplet nuclei enter at the respiratory tract
Measles fuses with what cells?
In the lung: Dendritic cells of respiratory tract and alveolar macrophages. In the lymph: T and B lymphocytes.
Where does measles disseminate to?
Lymph nodes; secondary lymph organs; intestine (endothelial cells); skin and brain (epithelial cells)
How does measles inhibit innate immunity?
Inhibit TLR signaling and interferon synthesis/signaling; interferes with T cell activation. Additionally, it’s associated with transient lymphopenia/immune suppression
How does measles enter an epithelial cell?
From the basal side through Nectin 4, a protein in the cell junction
How does measles exit a host?
It buds apically from an infected respiratory epithelium and is released into airway lumen
How long is measles incubation period?
10-14 days
When do the main clinical signs of measles appear, and what are they?
prodrome @ 14 days: low-grade fever and malaise; then cough, coryza, conjunctivitis
What are koplik spots?
White-blue specks on red mucosa, normally buccal and lower labial surfaces, appearing 2 days after prodrome symptoms; resolve when skin rash (exanthem) appears.
Describe the timing of the measles skin rash
4 days after prodrome symptoms, exanthem appears. Onset coincides with T-cell immunity activation and resolution of prodrone clinical symptoms. Fever peaks on day 2-3 of rash, resolves on day 3-4 of rash.
Describe the clinical appearance of the measles skin rash
Red maculopapular lesion, confluencing. Beginning at hairline and spreading to trunk, extremities, palms + soles. After 3-4 days turns copper/brown, resolving in same pattern after 7 days.
Describe clinical signs/symptoms of measles dissemination
Diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain; cervical lymphadenopathy/splenomegaly; pharyngitis; bronchiolitis/viral pneumonia; encephalitis
What are the common complications of measles?
Secondary pneumonia, otitis media, or other URI (source of morbidity in infants and developing countries)
What is SSPE?
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; slow, progressive CNS disease occuring 4-8 years after acute measles infection (usually at
How do you diagnose measles?
Measles IgM antibody; 4x rise in measles IgG; PCR and culture (slow, esp wild-type)
How do you treat measles?
Supportive care and Vitamin A (decrease mortality in developing countries)
Describe the measles vaccine
Live attenuated vaccine, 95% efficacy (99% efficacy with 2 doses), combined in MMR
What is the protective vaccination rate for measles?
93% to avoid community circulation/outbreak
What was the rate of death of measles in 2013?
14 deaths per hour
Define vaccine antigen
Molecule that an antibody response is generated against
