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Microbiology > Helminths Cards > Flashcards

Helminths Cards Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Perianal itch or rash, bedwetting or insomnia in children, superinfection risk

A

Enterobius vermicularis/pinworm

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2
Q

Dome shaped eggs flat on one side, nematode w/ 1mm worm, no animal reservoir,

A

Enterobius vermicularis/pinworm

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3
Q

How is enterobius vermicularis treated?

A

Pyrantel (in gut), albendazole (bloodstream), cessation of scratching of eggs

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4
Q

How is enterobius vermicularis diagnosed?

A

Morning perirectal cellophate tape test

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5
Q

2cm nemotode worm, eggs released into soil, tropical environment

A

Trichuris trichiuria / whip worm

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6
Q

What is the transmission of truchuris trichiuria?

A

Fecal-soil-oral – eggs must exit body and embryonize in soil

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7
Q

Dystentery syndrome, anemia, growth stunting, rectal prolapse

A

Trichuris trichiuria / whip worm

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8
Q

How is trichuris trichiuria treated?

A

Albendazole (bloodstram) or malbendazole. Kills the heads buried in intestinal wall.

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9
Q

How is trichuris trichiuria/whip worm diagnosed?

A

Fecal O&P

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10
Q

Round microscopic eggs, larva in lungs, eggs in soil, giant worm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides / roundworm

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11
Q

Tropical disease, 25% burden of infection worldwide, poor sanitation

A

Ascaris lumbricoides / roundworm (very similar to Trichuris trichiuria pattern)

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12
Q

Pneumonitis, Loeffler’s Syndrome, Charcot-Leyden crystals, bowel blockage, peritonitis, biliary sepsis

A

Ascaris lumbricoides / roundworm

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13
Q

How is ascaris lumbricoides diangosed?

A

O&P, colonoscopy, ultrasound, GI series

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14
Q

How is ascaris lumbricoides/roundworm treated?

A

Albendazole/Mebendazole (1st line), Pyrantel (2nd line)

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15
Q

1cm worms, smooth egs with visible round embryo inside

A

Necator americanus

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16
Q

Invade epidermis, lung migration, embryonization in soil,

A

Necator americanus / ancylostoma duodenale (hookworms)

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17
Q

Tropical disease, poor sanitation, bare skin, children

A

Necator americanus / ancylostoma duodenale (hookworms); Resembles pattern of Trichuris or Ascaris

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18
Q

Rash/ground itch, Loeffler’s, pneumonitis, anemia, growth stunting

A

Necator americanus / ancylostoma duodenale (hookworms)

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19
Q

Cutaneous larva migrans, creeping eruption, severe pruritis

A

Ancylostoma braziliense (dog hookworm)

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20
Q

How are hookworms treated?

A

Albendazole or Ivermectin; iron repletion for children; antihistamines for severe itch

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21
Q

How is hookworm diagnosed?

A

Fecal O&P, or see CLM rash

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22
Q

Roundworm, autoinfection without exiting host

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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23
Q

Tropical disease, poor sanitation, warm weather, bare skin

A

Strongyloides stercoralis (resembles necator americanus / hookworm)

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24
Q

Larva currens, pruritic, Loeffler’s syndrome, hyperinfection and ectopic migration with immunocompromise, sepsis

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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25
Q

How is strongyloides stercoralis diagnosed?

A

Larva currens on exam, ELISA IgG if immunocompetent, eosinophilia, O&P; if hyperinfection, look for systemic infection and larvae in sputum. Cannot use IgG serology for hyperinfection diagnosis.

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26
Q

How is strongyloides stercoralis treated?

A

Ivermectin > Albendazole, reduce immunosuppression, treat viral infection, pre-emptive rx if intended immunosuppression

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27
Q

Zoonosis in dogs and cats, immature in humans

A

Toxocara cani or cati

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28
Q

Visceral larvae migrans, ocular larvae migrans, loss of red reflex mimicking retinoblastoma

A

Toxocara cani or cati

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29
Q

School-age children or preschool age children, Brazil, Indonesia, America

A

Toxocara cani or cati

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30
Q

Undercooked hog flesh, hunters

A

Trichinella spiralis

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31
Q

Muscle pain, flue-like illness, fever

A

Trichinella spiralis

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32
Q

How is toxocara canis/cati treated?

A

Supportive care if mild VLM; Albendazole and corticosteroids for severe VLM/OLM

33
Q

How is trichinella spiralis treated?

A

Supportive care if mild; Albendazole and corticosteroids if severe

34
Q

How is trichinella spiralis diagnosed?

A

Eosinophilia, muscle biopsy, serology

35
Q

How is toxocara canis/cati diagnosed?

A

Eosinophlia, larvae in tissue biopsy

36
Q

Meat-human transmission, viviparous in gut, larvae disseminate and encyst

A

Trichinella spiralis

37
Q

Tropical disease, mosquito vector, w/ Wolbachia bacteria

A

Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi)

38
Q

Lymphadema, elephantiasis, fistula; tissue migration and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia

A

Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi)

39
Q

How is filiariasis treated?

A

Doxycycline kills endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria + Albendazole to kill adult worms; Diethylcarbamazine reduces tropical eosinophilia (kills microfiliariae)

40
Q

How is filiariasis diagnosed?

A

Adults visualized via untrasound, microfiliariae seen in blood films

41
Q

How is filiariasis prevented?

A

Vector control of mosquitoes, mass administration of DEC (added to cooking salt)

42
Q

Freshwater fish, fish-oral transmission (raw fish)

A

Diphyllobothrium latum / fish tapeworm

43
Q

Double-grooved head, scolex, hoolets, proglottides, strobilia

A

Cestodes (tapeworm) e.g. diphyllobothrium latum

44
Q

Proglottid passage, anorexia, megaloblastic anemia, B12 deficiency

A

Diphyllobothrium latum / fish tapeworm

45
Q

How is diphyllobothrium latum treated?

A

Oral praziquantel, B12 injections, fish inspection

46
Q

How is diphyllobothrium latum diagnosed?

A

Identification of proglottides or eggs in stool, low B12, megaloblastic anemia

47
Q

Beef-oral transmission, uncooked beef

A

Taenia Sagninata / beef tapeworm

48
Q

Four suckers at scolex, cestodes

A

Taenia Sagninata / beef tapeworm

49
Q

Proglottid passage, GI upset

A

Taenia Sagninata / beef tapeworm

50
Q

How is taenia sagninata diagnosed?

A

Fecal O&P for egg, strobilia on enteroscopy, rarely eosinophilia

51
Q

How is taenia sagninata treated?

A

Oral praziquantel, meat inspection

52
Q

Cestode, 4 suckers, ring of hooklets

A

Taenia solium / pork tapeworm

53
Q

Pork-oral transmission (taeniasis) or fecal-oral (cysticerosis)

A

Taenia solium / pork tapeworm

54
Q

Asymptomatic, proglottid passage, new onset seizures, blindness, muscle tenderness

A

Taenia solium / pork tapeworm

55
Q

How is taena solium diagnosed?

A

Fecal O&P, enteroscopy, brain MRI (cysticcerosis), skeletal survey

56
Q

How is taena solium treated?

A

Anti-epileptic drugs for seizures, corticosteroids + albendazole/praziquantel

57
Q

Fecal-oral, sheep entrails, dog feces

A

Echinococcus granulosis / dog tapeworms

58
Q

Central Asia, Alaska

A

Echinococcus granulosis / dog tapeworms

59
Q

Hydatid disease, encysted liver, biliary dysfunction, blindness, anaphylaxis, cyst seeding

A

Echinococcus granulosis / dog tapeworms

60
Q

How is echinococcus granulosis diagnosed?

A

CXR to show calcified cysts in lung; abdominal CT; eosinophilia and serology may be helpful if cysts “leak”

61
Q

How is echinococcus granulosis treated?

A

PAIR: puncture, aspirate hydatid juice, inject albendazole, reaspirate out of cyst. Or surgical removal (careful not to spill hydatid sand and cause anaphylaxis)

62
Q

Northern hemosphere, foxes, voles

A

Echinococcus multilocaris

63
Q

Gradual liver destruction, alveolar pattern

A

Echinococcus multilocaris

64
Q

Trematode, fluke, grooved (male)

A

Schistosomiasis (shistosoma mansoni, hematobium, or japonicum)

65
Q

Snail, cercaria, portal system

A

Schistosomiasis (shistosoma mansoni, hematobium, or japonicum)

66
Q

Cercarial dermatitis, pruritis, swimmer’s itch

A

Acute Schistosomiasis (shistosoma mansoni, hematobium, or japonicum)

67
Q

Subacute Katayama syndrome, fever, chills, hepatomegaly

A

Schistosomiasis (shistosoma mansoni, hematobium, or japonicum)

68
Q

Chronic hematuria, squamous cell carcinoma, hematochezia, chronic diarrhea, ascites, hemorrhage

A

Chronic Schistosomiasis (shistosoma mansoni/japonicum cause hematochezia/colon disease from mesenteric venous plexis, hematobium, causes hematuria/squamous carcinoma from veins draining bladder)

69
Q

How is schistosomiasis diagnosed?

A

Acute rash, eosinophilia, serology, fecal/urine O&P

70
Q

How is schistosomiasis treated?

A

Praziquantel, snail control, manage liver care

71
Q

Anaplasma, erlichia, Lyma, rickettsiae

A

Ticks (ixodes or ornithodoros)

72
Q

Epidemic typhus, trench fever (bartonella), borrelia recurrentis

A

Body louse

73
Q

Rickettsialpox, scrub typhus,

A

Mite-born infection (sarcoptes scabiei)

74
Q

Yersinia pestis, tularemia, murine endemic typhus

A

Flea-borne infection (xenopsylla cheopis)

75
Q

Malaria

A

Anopheles mosquito

76
Q

Yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya fever

A

Aedes mosquito

77
Q

Filariasis, West Nile

A

Culex mosquito

78
Q

How is arthropod disease treated?

A

Symptomatic treatment, risk factor treatment (clothing/blankets)

79
Q

Multi-legged, exoskeleton

A

Arthropods / ectoparasites

Microbiology (9 decks)

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