Measles Flashcards
What is measles ( rubella )
It is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease
Causative agent
Measles virus
Genus morbilivirus
Family paramyxoviridae
Epidemiology
Worldwide distribution
How is it transmitted?
Respiratory secretions
Exposure through aerosols
From which day are patients contagious ?
From 1 or 2 days before symptoms onset
Mean interval from infection to symptoms onset and rash appearance
10-14 days
Pathogenesis
Virus invades respiratory epithelium
Spread via bloodstream
To réticuloendothélial system
From which it affects white blood cells
Clinical manifestation beginning
Malaise Cough Conjunctivitis Nasal discharge Fever up to 40.6
Clinical manifestation after respiratory syndrome
Koplick spot
1-2mm blue white spots
Located on buccal mucosa
Near second molar
What appears after the general clinical manifestation and koplick spot
Rash on the body
Describe the rash
Erythrmathous
Non pruritic
Maculopapular rash
Begging at the hairline and behind ear
Trunk and limbs
Palm and soles
After how many days does the rash fade ?
4 days
What happens when the rash fades ?
Brown discoloration can be seen on the skin
Complications of measles
Otitis media Pneumonia Croup Diarrhea Cervical adénitis Acute encephalitis
What is atypical measles
In individuals who received formalin inactivated measles vaccine and were later exposed to measles
Symptoms of atypical measles
High fever
Urticarial , hemorrhagic rash
Edema of the extremities
Pulmonary infiltrates
Measles in the immunocompromised host
Can be fatal
May not be rash
Progressive encephalitis
Giant cell pneumonia
Measles in adult
Can develop primary viral pneumonia
Hepatitis
Rash is more severe
Bacterial superinfection
Laboratory findings
Lymphopenia
Neutropenia
Leukocytosis may be seen in case of bacterial superinfection
Diagnosis
Immunofluorescent staining of smear of respiratory secretion for measles antigen
PCR
Enzymes immunoassay
Specific IgM detection
Differential diagnosis
Kawasaki disease
Scarlet fever
Infectious mononucleosis
Drug eruption
Prevention
MMR vaccine
Measles mumps rubella
Treatment of measles
Supportive and symptomatic
AB for otitis and pneumonia
