Malaria Flashcards
What is malaria ?
Group of protozoan anthroponic vector borne infection characterized by fever , anemia and hepatomegaly.
Causative agent
Protozoa
Class sporozoa
Genus Plasmodium
Types of plasmodium causing malaria
P.Falcifarum
P.Ovale
P.Vivax
P.Malariae
Epidemiology of Malaria
Third world countries
Africa , South Asia and South America
How is malaria transmitted ?
vector borne ( mosquito )
Vertically ( mother to child )
blood transfusion
Organ transplant
What is the vector of malaria ?
Anaphelese female mosquito
Stages of mosquito development
Eggs
Larva
Puppa
Adult
Who can have immunity to malaria caused by falsifarum
Sickle cell anemia
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Who can have immunity to vivax
Indigenous people of West and central Africa due to Duffy mutation.
Pathogenesis of anemia in malaria
Due to hemolysis
Causes by parasites destroying the red blood cells
Incubation period of falsifarum
8-16 days
Incubation period of vivax and ovale
10-20 days caused by yacht sporozites
7-14 months by Brady sporozites
Incubation of p.malariae
3-6 weeks
Clinical periods of malaria
1) incubation period
2) period of first symptoms
3) latent period
4) period of late symptoms
5) period of convalescence
Stages of malarial paroxysm
1) cold stage
2) hot stage
3) sweating stage
Which temperature can patient reach in hot stage ?
Up to 41 degrees
Types of relapse of malaria
Early
Late
Explain early relapse
Due to some parasites surviving in blood after the disease
Explain late relapse
Due to the persistency of vivax , ovale and malariae
Complications that can occur due to falcifarum.
Cerebral malaria ( malerial coma ) Algid malaria Hemoglobuneric fever ( blackwater fever ) Splenic rupture acute rénal failure Pulmonary edema DIC syndrome Hypoglycemia
Diagnosis of malaria
Clinical signs
Antigen detection test
Diagnosis by ex juvantivus ( by effectiveness of treatment )
Describe antigen detection test
Immunochromatographic reaction.
Detection of histidine rich protein 2 of falcifarum.
What is diagnosis by ex juvantivus
Using anti malarial drugs and if it treats the patient diagnosis is malaria.
Treatment of P.vivax
Chloroquine
Primaquine to prevent relapses
