means of enriching the vocabulary

Question 1

MEANS OF ENRICHING VOCABULARY

Answer 1

A. INTERNAL

B. EXTERNAL

Question 2

Internal means of enriching the vocabulary

Answer 2

I. Morphological

    a. Major 
     b. Minor 

II. Semantic
Polysemy
Change of meaning

Question 3

External means of enriching the vocabulary

Answer 3

Borrowings

Question 4

composition

Answer 4

Composition is a major means of forming new words by putting together two or more than two stems or roots

Question 5

compound words

Answer 5

• no element can be inserted among the components of a compound
• a compound functions as a single word; there is one meaning, it denotes one single notion
• compounds need solid or hyphenated spelling (sometimes they have separate spelling); some linguists do not consider spelling to be reliable
• compounds can be: idiomatic and non-idiomatic
• compounds can be: endocentric and exocentric

Question 6

some cases where hyphens are used:

Answer 6

a. to avoid doubling/tripling a vowel/consonant, e.g. fire-escape, still-life
b. in compounds using antonymic terms. e.g. cause-effect, yes-no
c. in reduplicative compounds, e.g. hocus-pocus
d. in compounds with numerals, e.g. first-class, sixty-six
e. in compounds using letters of the alphabet, e.g. V-day, H-bomb, e-mail
f. in compounds with words denoting colour, e.g. dark-green
g. in compounds denoting persons, titles, e.g. ex-FBI, actor-manager
h. in compounds with present/past participle as 2nd element, e.g. word-building

Question 7

Idiomatic compounds

Answer 7

in compounds of this type, the meaning of each component is weakened/lost e.g. windbag (a person who talks a great deal in a boring way)

Question 8

Non-idiomatic

Answer 8

in these compounds the meaning of each component is retained

e.g. bedroom, apple-tree

Question 9

Endocentric

Answer 9

in compounds of this type we can identify a semantic head or centre; the compound is semantically equivalent to one or other of its parts, e.g. bedroom, footprint, film-star

Question 10

Exocentric

Answer 10

we cannot identify a semantic head/ centre, e.g. scarecrow, pickpocket

Question 11

• compound derivatives

Answer 11

– consist of a compound stem + suffix

e. g. compound stem + -er/-ing as in type-writter, house-keeping
e. g. compound stem + -ed as in blue-eyed, red-haired

Question 12

Nobody

Answer 12

[ADV stem + N stem]

Question 13

Outside

Answer 13

[ADV stem + N stem]

Question 14

Broadcast

Answer 14

[ADV stem + VB stem]

Question 15

Conversion is also called

Answer 15

• also called zero derivation or functional shift

Question 16

• Conversion is

Answer 16

the most productive means of word-building through which a word is created by changing the word class (the morpho-syntactic category), without the addition of an affix

(e.g. swim is a noun and a verb, plastic can be a noun and an adjective, etc.)

Question 17

a. Major morphological forms

Answer 17

1. Affixation
   2. Composition
   3. Conversion

Question 18

b. Minor morphological forms

Answer 18

1. Abbreviation
2. Clipping
3. Change of morphological accent
4. Reduplication
5. Back-Formation
6. Folk Etymology
7. Corruption
8. Words Derived from Proper Nouns
9. Portmanteaux
10. Nonce-Words

Question 19

CLIPPING (also contraction, shortening)

Answer 19

• Aphaeresis or fore clipping
• Syncope or medial clipping
• Apocope or back clipping
• Fore-and-back clipping

Question 20

Aphaeresis or fore clipping

Answer 20

the loss of elements at the beginning of the word.

Examples belonging to this type are: plane from airplane > plane; bus from omnibus; phone from telephone. This process is also met in proper names: Becky from Rebecca; Tony from Anthony.

Question 21

Syncope or medial clipping

Answer 21

the loss of elements in medial position. This type is rather unproductive in English.

Examples belonging to this type are: fancy from fantasy; ma’am from madam; miss
from mistress; specs from spectacles. Some special poetical forms are: e’er (ever); ne’er (never); what’er (whatever); which’er (whichever)

Question 22

Apocope or back clipping

Answer 22

the loss of elements in final position. This is a very productive type of clipping.

Examples of this type are: ad from advertisement; exam from examination; taxi from taximeter. Also, with personal names: Will from William.

Question 23

Fore-and-back clipping

Answer 23

the loss of elements in front and final position, e.g. flu from influenza; tec from detective. Also, with personal names: Liz from Elisabeth.

Question 24

Ellipsis

Answer 24

a particular form of clipping where a word that is usually used in a phrase is omitted

e.g. private from private soldier, superior from superior officer; heavy from heavy bomber; final from final examination.

Question 25

pub from public house (public house – public – pub)

Answer 25

• ellipsis + apocope

Question 26

granny/grannie from grandmother

movie from moving picture

Answer 26

• ellipsis + apocope + suffixation

Question 27

examples from back-formation

Answer 27

the verb to burgle was back-formed from the noun burglar
the verb to edit from the noun editor
the verb to blood-transfuse from the noun blood-transfusion
the verb to housekeep from the noun housekeeping
the verb to sleepwalk from the noun sleepwalking

Question 28

• A portmanteau word (blend, blend word)

Answer 28

is a word, phrase, or construction that is formed by combining/blending parts of two other words

Question 29

FOLK-ETYMOLOGY (also popular etymology)

Answer 29

Folk etymology is the result of the misinterpretation of the etymon of a word (when speakers do not clearly understand the meaning of the etymon, they tend to replace it with what they have in mind, coining, in fact, a new word)

Question 30

examples of folk-etymology

Answer 30

sparrow-grass (for asparagus, from Gr. asparagus; the plant has nothing in common with the bird);

crayfish (for crab, from the French etymon crevice, which was misinterpreted and thought to be a kind of fish)

penthouse

Question 31

criss-cross, hanky-panky, helter-skelter, brain drain

Answer 31

The term reduplication refers to the process of doubling a word/word element/sound; the resulting words
are reduplicative compounds, e.g. sing-song, tip-top, pretty-pretty, ping-pong, chit-chat, mumbo-jumbo,
criss-cross, hanky-panky, helter-skelter, brain drain

Question 32

ping-pong

Answer 32

both onomatopoetic words

ping and pong are rather pseudo-stems than stems.

Question 33

Abbreviation

Answer 33

The term refers to the shortening of words and phrases (kilogram to kg);

the result of such shortening (MA for Master of Arts);

a shortened form of a word or phrase, standing for the whole

Question 34

Abbreviation- the term is applied in three

different ways:

Answer 34

1. Abbreviation to initial letters [aka initialism] UFO, NATO, BBC, PC, UK, USA, B&B, BYOB, ICU, MIA
2. A written convention which is unpronounceable in its shortened form, e.g. DR, COL, MR, ST, FR, ETC,
   KG, GK, MS
3. Clippings – ad, flu, phone

Question 35

Acronyms

Answer 35

Acronyms are abbreviations formed from the first letters of a series of words and pronounced as one word: NATO, UNICEF, radar, laser.

Question 36

conventions for writing abbreviations

Answer 36

1. Capital letters and points (I.N.S.E.A.)
2. Capital letters without points (BBC)
3. Lower-case letters (with points-e.g. and without points-laser, radar)
4. Mixed capitals and lower case-letters (MoMA)
5. Internal capitals (CompuSex)
6. Hybrid forms (B.Com.).

Question 37

ALPHANUMERICS

Answer 37

A type of abbreviations very productive in SMS language and e-mail language
e.g. CUL8R (see you later)