extra Flashcards
The earliest inhabitans of the English island were
the celts
The real history of E.L begins with
germanic invasion
english took a modern form by the end of
14th century
Polysemy
the presence in one wd of several (at least two) meanings
Homonymy
two or more wds have the same spelling or pronunciation or both but different meanings and ,generally, origins
similes
a figure of speech that involves the comparison of one thing with another->as brave as a lion
euphemisms
=wds or expressions used to replace ones that are considered too harsh/blunt
- OE lexicon
: was ready/prepared to build up words
: language was characterized by the frequent use of coinages (aka kennings) (e.g. banhus (bone house) for ‘a person’s body)
: absence of borrowings
: the last period of OE is characterized by the introduction of ‘loan translations (aka calques, e.g. unicornis (L) – anhorn (OE) – unicorn (ModE)
: many inflectional endings
: the real history of English begins with the Angles, Saxons, Jutes
the last period of OE is characterized by
the introduction of ‘loan translations
Avon, Clyde , Dee, Exe , Severn, Thames, Trent
Celtic names - of rivers
Belfast , Cardiff ; Dover ; Dublin; Glasgow ; Leeds ; London; York
Celtic town names
Cornwall ; Cumbria ; Glamorgan; Kent
names of regions- celtic
Alan, Campbell, Donald, Douglas, Duncan, Eileen, Fiona, Morgan, Ronald, Sheila
personal names -Celtic
crag , coracle, cromlech, eisteddfod, flannel
celtic words from welsh
clan , loch, cairn , claymore, glen , loch, mackintosh , slogan , sporran , whisky
Celtic words from Scots Gaelic
brogue ; blarney, colleen, shamrock, banshee , leprechaun , bog, galore , shillelagh , Tory
Celtic words from Irish Gaelic
anger; blather; bloom ; call ; creek ; crook; die ; dirt; doze ; egg; fellow ; flat ; flaw ; gantlet ; gaze ; glitter ; happen; kilt ; law ; leg ; meek; midden; muck; nudge; odd; raise ; root ; scalp ; seat ; skerry; skewer ; ski; skid; skill ; skin; skull ; sky ; slalom ; sniff ; snipe ; snub; take ; they ; thrust; tungsten ; ugly; want ; window
Scandinavian words
- nautical terms: buoy, commodore, cruise, skipper, deck, yacht
- commercial activities: jacket, spool (mosor, masina de depanat), dollar, guilder
from Dutch and other forms of Low German
boor (lover, taranoi), skate, wagon
From other Low German dialects
coleslaw (cabbage salad-koolsla), cookie, cranberry, boss, caboose (bucatarie, vagon de serviciu), Santa Klaus (Sante Klass), dope, spook(naluca)
Contact between Americans and Dutch settlers (esp. in New York area)
apartheid, commando, spoor (urma de vanat)
From South African Dutch (Afrikaans)
cobalt, nickel, quartz, zinc, frankfurter, noodle, schnapps, delicatessen, leitmotif, rucksack, waltz, hinterland, kindergarten
From High German (not many)
e.g. alligator (el lagarto, ‘the lizard), avocado, barracuda, chocolate, cigar, tornado, domino, mosquito, potato, tobacco, tomato, vanilla
from the colonies came via Spanish and Portuguese
e.g. alligator (el lagarto, ‘the lizard), avocado, barracuda, chocolate, cigar, tornado, domino, mosquito, potato, tobacco, tomato, vanilla
from the colonies came via Spanish and Portuguese
bonanza, canyon, lasso, mustang, ranch, siesta
from Spanish
albino, flamingo, mango, marmalade, molasses
From Portuguese
allegros, opera, piano, solo, sonata
adagio, andante, aria, cantata, concerto, duet, forte, soprano
alto, cadenza, legato, prima-donna
balcony, carnival, fresco, ghetto, inferno, lagoon, malaria, stiletto, studio, volcano, umbrella
italian
usually biblical terms: amen, rabbi, sabbath; directly: kibbutz;
- recently: bar, mitzvah
HEBREW
caravan, bazaar, shawl, shah; via Latin or French: azure, musk, paradise,
scarlet, tiger
PERSIAN LOANWORDS
avatar, karma, yoga
Sanskrit
judo, tycoon, tea, ketchup
CHINESE
kimono, samurai, soya
JAPANESE
kangaroo, boomerang
AUSTRALIA
banana, woodoo, safari, zebra
WEST AFRICAN LANGUAGES
polka
Czech
(goulash, paprika, coach –via French)
HUNGARIAN
fez, shish kebab
TURKISH
moccasin, tomahawk, skunk
NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGES
iglo, kayak
inuit
coach, paprika
Hungarian
cobra, marmalade
Portuguese
polo, yak
Persian
cruise, yacht
Dutch
bungalow, shampoo
Hindi
cosy, ski
Scandinavian
corgi, fannel
Welsh
algebra, mattress
Arabic
avalanche, envelope
French
caravan, sofa
Arabic
mammoth, vodka
Russian
pistol, robot
Czech
balcony, lottery
Italian
coffee, yoghurt
Turkish
ketchup, tea
Chinese
chorus, theory
Greek
mosquito, sherry
Spanish
judo, tycoon
Chinese
hamburger, poodle
Low German
ombudsman, tungsten
Swedish
umbrella, padrone, vista, portico, trill
Italian
sherry, cigars, ranch, stampede, plaza
Spanish
port, corral
Portuguese
curry, pariah
Tamil
jungle, pajamas, shampoo
Hindi/Urdu
czar, glasnost, perestroika, vodka, mammoth
Russian
