meanings and rep Flashcards
what is discourse analysis?
not interested in how language works, but in how its used to perform a variety of functions
e.g. the sound the tongue makes
what is a discourse event?
an act of communication occurring in a specific time and location
what is a text producer and text receiver?
text producer: the person or people responsible for creating a text
text receiver: the person or people interpreting a text
ways to explore a text?
who is the actual and implied text producer?
who is the actual and implied reader?
what is representation?
the portrayal of events, people and circumstances through language
what is GRAMP?
genre, register, audience, mode and purpose
what is genre?
a way of grouping texts based on shared conventions - defines what type of text you are looking at
what is register?
the particular varieties of styles of speaking or writing
what is audience?
those who are reading
what is mode?
the physical channel of communication : either speech or writing
what is purpose?
the reason behind a text
what is blended mode?
conventional elements of both speech or writing
e.g. text messages
what are open and closed word classes?
open word classes : those that are flexible and accumulate lots of new words over time, e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
closed word classes : those that are largely fixed and accumulate very few new words over time e.g. pronouns, prepositions
what is a pronoun?
substitutes for a noun
e.g. he, she, they, it
what is a preposition?
provides connections between words
e.g. in, on, between, during
what is a proper noun?
refer to names of people or places
what is an abstract noun?
refer to states, feelings and concepts that are not physical
e.g. love
what is a concrete noun?
refers to objects that have a physical existence
what is a collective noun?
a name for a group of nouns
e.g. herd, flock
what is a material verb?
shows action or events
e.g. hit, jump, wash, build
what is a relational verb?
identifies properties or shows a state of being
e.g. be, appear, seem, become
what is a mental verb?
shows internal processes
e.g. think, believe, wish
what is a verbal verb?
shows external process of communication through speech
e.g. say, shout, scream
what is a comparative?
a form used to compare two instances either adding ‘er’ or using ‘more’
what is a superlative?
a form used to compare more than two instances, identifying a best example
e.g. ‘greater’
what is a personal pronoun?
refers to people and are differentiated in terms of person (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
what is a demonstrative pronoun?
orientates the reader or listener towards a person, object or idea
e.g. this, these, that, those
what is a determiner?
a person or thing that determines or decides something
what is a possessive determiner?
shows ownership?
e.g. my, your, her, our
what is a numeral determiner?
determines the number of nouns
e.g. one apple
what is a sub ordinating conjunction?
links clauses together to show one is dependent on another
e.g. because, although, while, for
what is a lexical field?
all the words have a similar meaning
what is a semantic field?
a theme going through a text
what is an evaluative adjective?
they add a biased positive or negative opinion focusing on any kind of good / bad evaluation
what is a euphemism?
words / phrases when substitute mild or vague language to soften the harsh reality of a subject
what is a narrative and narrative discourse?
narrative : a series of events
narrative discourse : discourse is concerned with larger stretches of texts
types of perspective?
subjective, monologue, one panel
what are quantifiers?
show either specific or non specific quantities of a noun
e.g. some, any, a few
what is internal and external evaluation?
internal evaluation: opinion with a story
external evaluation: opinion outside a story
written text discourse features?
text boxes, slogan, bullet points, font choices, paragraph organisation, headlines / subheading, overall layout - images, use of brackets / parenthesis, chronological / non chronological
what is a collocation?
words that are associated together
e.g. fish and chips
what is a detonation?
the dictionary definition of a word
what are the 8 main word classes?
noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, adverb, conjunction, determiner, preposition
what are phrases and noun phrases?
phrases : can form larger structures
noun phrases : a group of words centred around a noun that acts as the ‘head’ of the phrase
what is a prepositional phrase?
one in which a preposition is the headword
what are adjectival and adverbial phrases?
these usually consist of an adjective or adverb preceded by one or more intensifiers
e.g. tomorrow will be VERY MUCH warmer
what is a verb phrase?
a verb phrase is built around a head word, the main word
what are clauses?
the same way that words form phrases, phrases form larger structures called clauses. these are groups or words centred around a verb phrase
what is a subject?
person / place / thing carrying out the action of the verb
what is a direct object?
a person / place / thing which receives the action of a verb
what is a complement?
a verb may be followed by a noun or an adjective to complete the sense of a sentence
what is an adverbial?
an adverb or prepositional phrase that adds info about time, place or manner
a clause is…
a sentence in its smallest form
what is a subordinate clause?
used to hold additional meaning to a sentence - doesnt make sense by itself
what is a main clause?
makes sense by itself
what is a relative clause?
a type of subordinate clause. it usually adds more detail about the noun in the main clause. they can turn simple sentences into complex sentences
what is a simple sentence?
single clause with no conjunctions
what is a compound sentence?
uses two or more main clauses
what is a complex sentence?
must have atleast one main clause and one subordinate clause
what are the sentence functions and their fancy names?
a statement - a declarative
a question - an interrogative
a command - an imperative
an exclamation - an exclamative
what is graphology?
font, colour, style of writing, logo
different ways to categorise text?
genre by purpose, genre by discourse structure, mode
what is colloquial language?
colloquial expressions are items of everyday language used in informal context
what is amelioration?
the meaning of a word takes on a more positive connotation in society
what is pejoration?
the meaning of a word takes on a more negative connotation in society
what is an idiom?
an expression whose meaning is not dependant on the meanings of the word
what are pragmatics?
pragmatic refer to the idea of assumed meanings, where people know how things work before they share inferences - unspoken understandings
what is a referential and interactional discourse?
referential : a text which gives info
interactional : a text which engages the reader
what is syntax structure?
sentence structure
what is an imperative verb?
these create a tone of instruction
what are marked terms?
items that are used to convey differences in gender
