gender

Question 1

definitions of gender and sex?

Answer 1

gender: how we identify
sex: biological - chromosomes

Question 2

Anne Bodine (1975) ?

Answer 2

• There is a bias in the English Language in the favour of males
• e.g. ‘mankind’ , ‘deer’

Question 3

what is Androcentric language?

Answer 3

language that is in the favour of men
e.g. mankind, deer

Question 4

diminutive suffixes?

Answer 4

‘ess’, ‘ette’ e.g. ‘kitchenette’

Question 5

what does patronyms and matronyms mean?

Answer 5

patronyms: men
matronyms: women

Question 6

Julia Stanley (1977) ?

Answer 6

She argued that there was a negative semantic space for women.
Women couldn’t be writers, surgeons, doctors, these words didn’t apply for women.
women could only be women writers, female surgeons, lady doctors. It is suggested that male roles are more important because the standard, unmarked terms refer to them.

Question 7

Sex discrimination act (1975) ?

Answer 7

After this was published, it became illegal to write a job advertisement in a way that implied that only one sex could apply.
There are still some exceptions

Question 8

Lexical Asymmetry

Answer 8

e.g master and mistress / king and queen.
The male titles have retained the og positive meanings, wheras female titles have frequently gone downhill slide - often ending with a sexually debased meaning
Words for women assume negative connotations

Question 9

Spender (1980) ?

Answer 9

According to Spender, there are 220 terms for promiscuous females but only 20 for males.
e.g. females - slut, whore, hoe, slag
males - manwhore, stud, player, cheat

Question 10

Goddard (1983) ?

Answer 10

Terms of endearment e.g. kid, dear, mate, love, son, lad, flower, sunshine
There are terms of endearment for different groups

Question 11

Stacy Smith (2011) - Media Representation

Answer 11

Researched representation of women on screen and found men outnumber women by 3 to 1