Meaning and Relevance of History Flashcards
“History is written by every generation. Every generation writes its own history using the same
sources. The interpretations vary according to time”
Teodora A. Agoncillo
For the Greeks, history
is:
- ἱστορία
- “Learning”
Aristotle defined history as ________________________.
- systematic account.
Systematic Account
A set of natural
phenomena, whether or not a chronological ordering was a
factor in the history.
For the romans,
history is:
- Scientia
- Non-chronological,
systematic accounts
of natural phenomena
Referred to the accounts of
phenomena in chronological
order
History
For the Germans,
history is:
Geschichte
Derived from the word, “geschehen,” meaning “to happen”
History is commonly defined as “_____________”
“the past of mankind”
He defined history as “The recorded struggle of people for ever-increasing freedom and newer and higher realization of the human person. Not a plain narrative/chronology of events, nor about heroes and great
men, but of people’s efforts to attain a better life.”
Constantino (2010)
Louis R. Gottschalk (1969) defined historical method as ____________________________________________.
- the process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past.
This is considered as the agreed ground rules for researching and writing academic research or professional history.
- Historical Method
Analyzes records of
the past
- Historian
Core Protocols in Handling sources
- Base their accounts on source materials
- Locate and organize the relevant sources on which they will base their report
- Verify sources – to date them, to determine their place of origin, and to identify their intended functions.
- They are like detectives who gather information or evidence to put together the story
of the past. - They gather evidence from different sources, such as archaeological digs, manuscripts, etc.
- Historian
Imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived
- Historiography
Methods of Historical Analysis
- the selection of subject;
- the collection of sources;
- the examination of genuineness; and
- the extraction from sources (Gottschalk, 1969).
- Objects from the past or testimony concerning the
past (Howell, 2001) - Tangible remains of the past (Brundage, 2001)
- Artifacts
- Historical Sources
Objects from the past or testimony concerning the
past (_____________)
- Howell, 2001
Tangible remains of the past (_____________)
Brundage, 2001
- Source which come directly from the past
- Gives first-hand information
- Primary
- Published materials
- Manuscripts (handwritten or type-recorded)
- Archives, memoirs, and diaries
- Written
- Oral history
- Artifacts, ruins, fossils, artwork,
- Video recordings, audio recordings
- Non - Written
- Evidences that come from a later date
- Written after the event
- Secondary
Primary Sources Examples:
- Human Fossils/ Artifacts
- Royal Decrees/ Laws
- Chronicles/ Journals/ Diaries
- Maps/ Memoirs
- Personal Accounts/ Newspapers
- Magazines/ Legislative Journals
- Court Records/ Letters
- Speeches and Blogs
- Online Database/ Documentaries
- Recorded Interviews (Audio, Video, and Pictures)
Primary Sources Repositories:
- National Archives of the Philippines
- National Historical Commission of the Philippines
- National Museum of the Philippines
- UP Main Library
- ADMU Rizal Library
- DSLU Library
- UST Library
- Library of Congress
- National Archives and Records Administration
- Archivo General de Indias
- Archivo General de Nacion
- American Historical Collection
- Lopez Memorial Museum
- Ayala Museum
Kinds of Secondary Sources
- Quotes
- Textbooks
- Compilations
- Scholarly Journal Articles
- Biographies/ Auto - biographies
- Criticisms/ Analysis on literaru works
- Commentaries (elections, events, people)
