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RPH > Internal and External Criticism > Flashcards

Internal and External Criticism Flashcards

1
Q

They are not allowed to imagine things and make conclusions based on their imagination

A
  • Historians
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2
Q

_____________ and ___________ of sources are essential to a historian.

A
  • Authenticity and Credibility
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3
Q

Two Types of Criticism

A
  1. Problem of Authenticity
  2. Problem of Crediility
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4
Q

Also known as External Criticism

A
  • Problem of Authenticity
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5
Q

Also known as Internal Criticism

A
  • Problem of Credibility
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6
Q

Problem of authenticity concerns in External Criticism:

A

– Is the artifact fabricated, forged, or faked?
– Is it a hoax or a misrepresentation?

Why do people create fake things / misrepresentations/ etc. ?

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7
Q

External Criticism

According to Gottschalk (1969), artifacts are fabricated for several reasons:

A
  1. Fame
  2. Fortune
  3. Power
  4. Control/ Influence
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8
Q

Steps in Identifying Hoax / Testing Authenticity

A
  • Determine the date of the document to see whether they are not anachronistic (e.g. pencils did not exist during
    the 16th century)
  • Determining the author (e.g. handwriting, signature, seal)
  • Look for anachronistic style (e.g. idiom, orthography, and punctuation that don’t belong to that certain period)
  • Look for anachronistic reference to events (e.g. is it too late, too early, or too remote?)
  • Identifying provenance or custody (e.g. genuineness)
  • Determining semantics (the meaning of the text/word; does this word exist during this time?)
  • Determining hermeneutics (ambiguities)
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9
Q

Internal Criticism problem of credibility concerns:

A
  • Is It Credible?
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10
Q

Items, artifacts, etc. must be as close to the event/time/person being referred

A
  • Credibility
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11
Q

Steps in Determining Credible

A
  • Identification of the author (e.g. to determine his reliability, mental process, personal attitudes)
  • Determination of the approximate date (e.g. as close to the event as possible)
  • Ability to tell the truth (e.g. nearness to the event, competence of witness, degree of attention)
  • Willingness to say the truth (e.g. determine if the author consciously or unconsciously tells falsehoods)
  • Corroboration (e.g. historical facts– particulars which rest upon the independent testimony of two or more reliable witness).
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12
Q

Our Views of History

A
  • History is not Linear
  • History is not Stagnant
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13
Q

“History is written by the winners? No, history is written by everyone”

A

Bad Historical Thinking

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14
Q

“One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter.”

A
  • Kadri Rightly
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15
Q

Dangers in having too many perspectives:

A
  • Misleading Revisionism
  • Confusion
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16
Q

This is where ________ and ________ come into the picture.
They test objects, artifacts, documents, etc. to verify whether these did exist before

A

Science and Research

17
Q

There is nothing _______ or _______ in history, but history should, at least, be
________ and must be _________.

A
  • Right or Wrong
  • Accurate, Factual
18
Q

“Who says history is stagnant? For a historian, facts do not change; it is the way we look at things, our interpretations, that are always changing. This is what makes history exciting - that we can always find something new in what is old.”

A
  • Ambeth R. Ocampo
19
Q

Effective Historical Thinking

A
  1. Historical Significance
  2. Primary Source Evidence
  3. Continuity and Change
  4. Cause and Consequence
  5. Historical Perspective
  6. Ethical Dimensions
20
Q

Why is this significant?

A

Historical Significance

21
Q

Where did I get such information?

A

Primary Source Evidence

22
Q

Has there been recent news about this?

A

Continuity and Change

23
Q

What are the reasons and motivation for such artifact?

A

Cause and Consequence

24
Q

Am I biased? Do I understand socio-cultural settings?

A

Historical Perspective

25
Q

Do I learn from it? Why am I responsible?)

A

Ethical Dimensions

26
Q

Other Effective Historical Thinking:

A
  1. have an OPEN MIND
  2. be in control of your BIASES
  3. always check for FACTS
  4. refer to PRIMARY/ SECONDARY SOURCES
  5. seek to be WELL-INFORMED

RPH (8 decks)

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