MCQ Prep Flashcards
Receptive Aphasia - Word Deafness
Receptive Aphasia - Word Deafness
“Can hear but doesn’t undertand”. A type of receptive aphasia (wernicke’s), where they cannot understand words, with impaired repetition but are spontaneous in speech, with writing preserved.
Can represent a lesion in the Dominant Temporal Lobe.
Receptive Aphasia - Agnostic Alexia
Receptive Aphasia - Agnostic Alexia
The patient can see the words, but cannot read them (even words they have just written).
Can represent a lesion in the left PCA which feeds the left visual cortex / corpus callosum.
The right visual cortex can “see the words: but cannot send the information to the language centres (Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area) area for processing. However their auditory input is unaffected so they can recognise words spelt out loud to them.
Receptive Aphasia - Visual Asymbolia
Receptive Aphasia - Visual Asymbolia
Aka - Cortical Visual Aphasia. EG a difficulty in reading and writing.
A disorganisation of Motor and visual word schemas
Words can not be recognised and motor schemas cant be activated to write
Amnesia - Katathymic Amnesia
Amnesia - Katathymic Amnesia
Also known as motivated forgetting / dissociation Amnesia.
The inability to recall specific painful memories.
Originally thought the be related to repression / Freudien theory.
Amnesia - Retrospective Falsification
Amnesia - Retrospective Falsification
Distortions of recall, a type of paramnesia.
Unintentional distortion of a memory as it is recalled in a person current emotional or cognitive state.
It is often found in those with depressive illness who describe all past experiences in negative terms due to the impact of their current mood.
Amnesia - Paramnesia
Paramnesia - distortion or falsification of memory
False memory
False memory
Is the recollection of an event (or events) that did not occur but which the individual subsequently strongly believes did take place. This is different then just forgetting, but the actual construction of events that never took place.
Source amnesia
Source amnesia
difficulty remembering the source from which the information was acquired, whether from one’s own recall or from some external source as recounted by others. EG did I remember it or did someone tell me about it.
Screen memory
A screen memory is a distorted memory, recollection that is partially true and partially false; it is
thought that the individual only recalls part of the true memory because the
entirety of the true memory is too painful to recall.
For example, an individual
may recall that childhood sexual abuse was perpetrated by a neighbour
because it is too painful to recall that the abuse was, in fact, perpetrated by
their own brother.
Freud
Lethologia
Lethologia
The temporary inability to
remember names or proper nouns, is common and generally not indicative
of any pathology.
Approximate Answers or Vorbeireden
Approximate answers suggest that the patient understands the questions but appears to be deliberately avoiding the correct answer. E.g. criminal trying to avoid court.
Cryptamnesia
Cryptamnesia
“the experience of not remembering that one is remembering’
For example a person writes a
witty passage and does not realise that they are quoting from some passage
they have seen elsewhere rather than writing something original
déjà vu
Distortions of recognition. It comprises the feeling of having experienced
a current event in the past, although it has no basis in fact.
Some correlation with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy or completely normal.
Jamais vous
Jamais vous - Never seen.
Its happened you just cant remember it.
Distortions of recognition. It comprises the feeling of not having experienced
a current event in the past, although it has occurred.
dé jà pensé - déjà vu -
a new thought recognised as having previously occurred.
related to dejd vu, being different only in the modality of experience (eg a thought)
déjà entendu - déjà vu -
Dejd entendu, the feeling of a new auditory recognition recognised as having previously occurred.
related to dejd vu, being different only in the modality of experience (eg a Auditory)
Parathymia - Mood descriptors
Parathymia
Blunting of affect / in congruent affect in SCZ.
More severe than restricted or constricted affect, but less severe than flat.
It manifests as a failure to express feelings (affect display) either verbally or non-verbally, especially when talking about issues that would normally be expected to engage the emotions. Described by Bleuler.
Moria / Witzelsucht - Mood descriptors
Moria / Witzelsucht
Frontal lobe damage with Euphoria, presenting as silliness, lack of foresight and indifference.
Apophanous experience - Mood descriptors
A delusion perception.
Torpor - Consciousness
Stupor of Organic cause. The level of consciousness is generally lowered and the patient responds poorly or not at all to stimuli.
Generally without hallucinations, but represents a general slowing down
The Twilight state - Consciousness
Disturbed consciousness with hallucinations. Eg loss of touch with reality.
the commonest twilight state is the result of epilepsy.
Stupor
In psychiatry used synonymously with mutism and does not necessarily imply a disturbance of consciousness; in catatonic stupor, patients are ordinarily well aware of their surroundings.
Obstruction - Catatonia + Motor Abnormality.
Common in Catatonia
The blocking of a motor activity.
Logoclonia - Catatonia + Motor Abnormality
Special forms of perseveration.
Logoclonia the last syllable of the last word is repeated, for example,
the patient might say: ‘I am well today-ay-ay-ay-ay
Palilalia - Catatonia + Motor Abnormality
Special forms of perseveration.
The patient repeats the perseverated word with increasing frequency
Mitmachen / cooperation -Catatonia
In cooperation or Mitmachen, the body can be put into any position without any resistance on the part of the patient, although they have been instructed to resist all movements. Once the examiner lets go of the body part that has been moved, it returns to the resting position.
Mitgehen - Catatonia
Mitgehen can be regarded as a very extreme form of cooperation, because the patient
moves their body in the direction of the slightest pressure on the part of the
examiner. For example, the doctor puts his forefinger under the patient’s
arm and presses gently, whereupon the arm moves upwards in the direction
of the pressure
Gegenhalten - Cataonia
Gegenhalten or Opposition.
Some individuals with catatonia oppose all passive movements with the
same degree of force as that which is being applied by the examiner
Echolalia - Cataonia / SCZ
Repetition of another person’s words or phrases, as observed in certain cases of schizophrenia, particularly the catatonic types. The behaviour is considered by some authors to be an attempt by the patient to maintain a continuity of thought processes.
Echopraxia - Cataonia / SCZ
Repetition of another person’s movements, as observed in some cases of catatonic schizophrenia.
Functional hallucination
An certain stimulus triggers a hallucination of the same modality. Eg I heard the nurse talk now I hear AH, eg the same modality
Reflex Hallucination
A morbid form synaerthesia where a stimulus in one modality produces a hallucination in another modality.
First Rank Symptoms - 4
1) Delusional perception
2) Auditory Hallucinations either 3rd person or running commentary.
3) Thought - a) insertion b) Withdrawal or c) broadcasting
4) Passivity Phn
Imperative hallucinations
Command hallucination
Thought Sonorisation / Thought Echo
Hearing your own thoughts spoken aloud, (but no one else can hear them as opposed to though broadcasting).
Scenic hallucinations
Entire scenes are hallucination as opposed to a hallucinations superimposed on a real background. Associated with Epilepsy or temporal love lesions.
Padre Pio phenomenon
a type of olfactory hallucination for example when some religious people can smell roses around certain saints
Delusional Zoopathy
Delusions that are infested or centred around animals
Apophany
Primary Delusional experiences.
Thought Alienation -
The thoughts are under the control of other people.
In thought alienation the patient has the experience that their thoughts are under the control of an outside agency or that others are participating in their thinking.
Obsession
Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, urges, or images, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action (i.e., by performing a compulsion).
Autochthonous delusion / Wahneinfall
Sudden appearance of a fully formed delusions (out of the blue)
Anosognoia - Agnosia
Anosognoia - Agnosia
The denial of illness, eg not being aware of a neurological deficit following a stroke.
Inability to recognise or process sensory information.
Hemisomatognosia - Agnosia
Unilateral lack of body awareness - act as if half of your body doesn’t exist.
Visual agnosia - Agnosia
Can see an object, but fails to recognise what they are
Koro
A belief that ones penis is shrinking into the abdomen and will kill you. Cultural syndrome.
Hyperschemazia
Perceived magnification of body parts
Aschemazia
Perceived absence of body parts
Para-Schemazia
Distortion of body image, feelings that parts of the body are twisted / strange.
Autoscopy
The hallucinatory experience of seeing ones self and recognising it as ones self. Often associated with parietal lobe dysfunction.
Superficial Tactile Hallucinations 4 types
Thermic (hot cold), Haptic (touch), Hygric (liquid or water) Paraesthetic (pins and needles)
Kinaesethic Tactile Hallucinations
Affects muscles / joints (eg feel as if the limbs are being moved)
Different from passivity, as that may not have any sensation.
Prolixity - thought disorder
Ordered flight of ideas in hypomania, where they can often return to the task at hand.
Drivelling - Thought disorder
Pt gets muddled trying to explain complex thoughts, and is self critical of such
Desultory thinking - Thought disorder
Sudden ideas that force themselves into a conversation.
Vorbeireden / uncountable / talking past the point
Talking past the point.
In this disorder the content of the patient’s replies to questions shows that
they understand what has been asked but have responded by talking about
an associated topic. For example, if asked ‘What is the colour of grass?’,
the patient may reply ‘White’, and if then asked ‘What is the colour of
snow?’, they may reply ‘Green’.
La belle indifference
Inappropriate attitude of calm or lack of concern about one’s disability; seen in patients with conversion disorder.
cerea flexibilitas / Catalepsy / waxy flexibility
Condition of a person who can be molded into a position that is then maintained; when an examiner moves the person’s limb, the limb feels as if it were made of wax. Also called catalepsy; waxy flexibility. Seen in schizophrenia.
Coma
State of profound unconsciousness from which a person cannot be roused, with minimal or no detectable responsiveness to stimuli; seen in injury or disease of the brain, in such systemic conditions as diabetic ketoacidosis and uremia, and in intoxications with alcohol and other drugs. Coma may also be seen in severe catatonic states and in hysteria.
Conjugal Paranoia / Othello syndrome / morbid jealousy
Conjugal Paranoia / Othello syndrome
Paranoia characterized by delusions of jealousy; with no evidence or little evidence, a spouse or lover becomes convinced that his or her partner is being unfaithful. Also called Othello syndrome.
Delusion
False belief that is firmly held, despite objective and obvious contradictory proof or evidence and despite the fact that other members of the culture do not share the belief.
bizarre delusion
one that is patently absurd or fantastic
delusion of control
that a person’s thoughts, feelings, or actions are not one’s own but are being imposed by some external force
delusion of grandeur (grandiose delusion
exaggerated concept of one’s importance, power, knowledge, or identity
delusion of jealousy (delusion of infidelity)
that one’s lover is unfaithful. Othello syndrome / morbid jealousy / Conjugal Paranoia
delusion of persecution
that one is being attacked, harassed, cheated, or conspired against;
delusion of reference
that events, objects, or the behaviour of others have a particular and unusual meaning specifically for oneself
paranoid delusion
combined delusion of grandeur and persecution
religious delusion
one involving the Deity or theological themes
somatic delusion
pertaining to the functioning of one’s body
Dementia / major neurocognitive disorder
Mental disorder characterised by general impairment in intellectual functioning, frequently characterised by failing memory, difficulty with calculations, distractibility, alterations in mood and affect, impairment in judgement and abstraction, reduced facility with language, and disturbance of orientation. Although generally irreversible because of underlying progressive, degenerative brain disease, dementia may be reversible if the cause can be treated.
depersonalization
Called depersonalization disorder in DSM-5, a disordered sensation of unreality concerning oneself, parts of oneself, or one’s environment that occurs under extreme stress or fatigue. Seen also in schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder.
fausse reconnaissance - Paramnesia
False recognition, a feature of paramnesia. Can occur in delusional disorders.
folie à deux / Shared psychotic disorder.
Mental illness shared by two persons, usually involving a common delusional system; if it involves three persons, it is referred to as folie à trios, and so forth.
Noesis
Revelation in which immense illumination occurs in association with a sense that one has been chosen to lead and command. Can occur in manic or dissociative states.
Somatopagnosia / Ignorance of body / Autotopagnoisa
Inability to recognize a part of one’s body as one’s own (also called ignorance of the body and autotopagnosia).
stereotypy
Continuous mechanical repetition of speech or physical activities; observed in cases of catatonic schizophrenia.
Synesthesia
Condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality is perceived as sensation in a different modality, as when a sound produces a sensation of color.
Mannerism
Mannerism is an ingrained, habitual involuntary movement.
Akathisia
Akathisia is a subjective feeling of muscular tension secondary to antipsychotic or other medication, which can cause restlessness, pacing, and repeated sitting and standing.
Cotard delusion
Cotard delusion is a rare mental illness in which the affected person holds the delusional belief that they are already dead, do not exist, are putrefying, or have lost their blood or internal organs.
Common in the elderly / psychotic depression
Erotomania / De Clerambault syndrome
Erotomania is a delusional belief that a person is in love with the affected individual, despite contrary evidence. Erotomania is an uncommon form of paranoid delusion
what is Klinefelters syndrome?
What are the key criteria
47 XXY, male hypogonadism.
90 % poor hair,
50 % gynaecomastia
6.5 % will have SCZ or BPAD
Cataplexy
Abrupt temporary loss of voluntary muscular function and tone, evoked by an emotional stimulus eg laughter pleasure anger or excitement
What are the 4 the symptoms of Gerstmann Syndrome and which area of the brain is affected
1) Agraphia
2) acalcuia
3) left right disorientation
4) Finger Agnosia
Dominant Parietal Lobe
what is Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome
Clinically and pathologically similar to CJD but with a longer duration to death.
Uses cognitive therapy techniques with a psychodynamic framework. Focus on interpersonal behaviour. A target problem list is made. Patient has an active role.
Cognitive-analytical therapy
Cognitive Analytical Therapy This therapy was developed by Anthony Ryle. For further details visit the link.
Aims to increase the conscious recognition of the role of unconscious factors on current experience and behaviour by free association, analysis of counter-transference and interpretation.
Psychoanalysis
Role transitions and grief is addressed.
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Based on the principle that emotional dysregulation is inherent which becomes pervasive with a invalidating environment.
Dialectical behavioural therapy
A test involving the subject first asked to copy a complex figure made of basic geometric shapes, and then to draw it from memory.
Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test
Answer: Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), which was developed by Rey in 1941 and standardized by Osterrieth in 1944, is a widely used neuropsychological test for the evaluation of visuospatial constructional ability and visual memory.
Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test
A test developed to detect impairment of everyday memory functioning and to monitor change following treatment for memory difficulties.
Static non progressive brain injury.
A patient is asked: “Can you show me how you brush your teeth?” He has understood the task but is unable to perform it
Ideomotor apraxia
In the MMSE the patient is unable to carry out the three step action
Ideational Apraxia
