MCQ learning points Flashcards
What is the main causative organism of Ascending cholangitis?
E. Coli (Gram negative rod)
The combination of Low BP, raised JVP and muffled heart sounds indicates which condition?
Cardiac tamponade
Triad due to gas/fluid building up around the heart
What are the following positive antibodies indicative of:
ASMA, p-ANCA
AMA
Anti-endomysial
Anti-jo
ASMA, p-ANCA: Primary sclerosing cholangitis
AMA: Primary biliary cirrhosis
Anti-endomysial: coeliac disease
Anti-jo: myositis (dermato, poly)
How does mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitaiton differ on auscultation
Stenosis: mid-diastolic rumble
Regurgitation: Pan-systolic murmur
What history detail helps distinguish duodenal from gastric ulcer
Duodenal relieved on eating
Gastric worsens
Which dyspepsia patients get an urgent endoscopy? What do you do if they do not qualify?
Endoscopy if ALARMS + > 55 years
Stool or breath test if they don’t qualify
What is the management pathway for unspecified dyspepsia symptoms?
- Trial high dose PPI for 1 month OR Investigate for H. Pylori
- If one does not work try other
- If H. pylori positive, eradicate with PPI + amox + clarithromycin/metronidazole
- If fails, trial H2RA (ranitidine) or consider alternative diagnosis
How do you distinguish an exudative from a transudative effusion and how does that sway diagnosis?
If fulfills one of below (lights criteria)…
- Pleural:serum protein ratio >0.5
- Pleural: serum LDH >0.6
- Pleural LDH >2/3s that of serum
…Then its exudative
Exudative: Inflammation, increased permeability due to cancer, infections, auto-immune
Transudative: increased hydrostatic pressure
Which 4 drugs have prognostic benefit in heart failure
SAAB
Spironolactone
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin II antagonists
Beta-blockers (selective) eg Metoprolol, bisoprolol, atenolol
Which 3 drugs are of symptomatic but not prognostic benefit in heart failure?
Loop diuretics (eg furosemide)
Digoxin
Nitrates, hydralazine (vasodilators)
Patient presents confused and hypotensive. HR is 114, temp 39deg and BP 95/45. They have a PMHx of gallstones and AUS confirmed multiple stones, thickened gall bladder wall and dilated ducts. Following fluids and antibiotics what would you want to do?
Emergency ERCP
Allows decompression and insertion of stents
Which antibody test is most specific for autoimmune hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle antibodies
ANA is also positive but less specific as systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren’s all positive too
What are the side effects of metformin?
Gastrointestinal upset
Lactic Acidosis is rare but fatal
Regarding metformin’s action, which common drugs do you need to watch for?
Alcohol: hypoglycaemia, lactic acidosis
B-blockers: Can mas hypoglycaemia
Ketotifen (anti-allergic): can reduce platelet count
Topiramate: Increase metformin action
Which T2DM drugs cause hypoglycaemia?
Sulfonylureas (glicazide, glibenclamide)
Low risk in GLP-1 mimetics