MCQ examples Flashcards
Which of the following statements regarding NO and nitrate are correct?
a) There is an equal contribution of endogenous and exogenous nitrate to NO production in humans
b) NO effects are limited to endothelial cells
c) Rocket, beetroot and onion are considered nitrate rich foods
d) The intake of dietary nitrate has been associated with the development of cancer
D
Which statements regarding measurement of flow mediated dilation (FMD) are correct?
a) FMD measurement involves induction of reactive hyperaemia
b) FMD measurements are easy to learn and reproducible
c) The age-associated increase in FMD is a good indicator of vascular function
d) An increase of 1% in FMD decreases CVD risk by 25%
A
Which of the following statements regarding cardiovascular disease is correct?
a) A global issue affecting people in different countries and economic classes disproportionally
b) A clearly defined disease pathology
c) Limited to the heart and brain
d) Affecting arteries and veins equally
A
Which of the following statement regarding atheroma formation is correct?
a) Atheroma formation is a process that is fully reversible
b) Atheroma formation is not reversible
c) Has its origins in endothelial dysfunction
d) Atheroma formation is supported by platelet aggregation
D
Identify the correct statement regarding endothelial cells.
a) Endothelial cells are multiple layers of cells covering the luminal side of blood vessels
b) Are an important endocrine organ producing large amounts of nitric oxide
c) Synthesize low amounts of nitric oxide which stimulate endothelial cell growth
d) Sense different conditions and are able to react with synthesis of adhesion factors, growth factors and vasoactive compounds
D
Which statement regarding atherosclerosis is incorrect?
a) A build up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of blood vessels supplying heart or brain
b) Slow and progressive hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to cholesterol deposits leading to loss of elasticity
c) Endothelial dysfunction is a consequence of atherosclerosis
d) Inflammation is an important contributor to progression of atherosclerosis
C
Endothelial function – which is the incorrect statement?
a) Endothelial dysfunction is a major factor for atherosclerosis
b) Is a considered a physiological process that occurs during aging
c) The activity of the NO producing enzyme eNOS depends solely on the cofactor BH4
d) Availability of nitric oxide (NO) depends on the absence of reactive oxygen species
C
Lipids and lipid metabolism – which is the correct statement?
a) Plasma cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease
b) High plasma cholesterol levels accurately predict CVD
c) Decrease in HDL and LDL are considered beneficial
d) Replacement of saturated fat with linoleic acid reduces significantly coronary heart disease
A
Liver cells and LDL receptor – which statement is incorrect?
a) LDL receptor is regulated by cellular cholesterol levels
b) Excess cholesterol will be stored as cholesteryl ester
c) Decreases in LDL receptor on cell membranes reduce plasma LDL concentrations
d) Mutations in LDL receptor genes increase CVD risk considerably
C
Cholesterol – which statement is incorrect?
a) Cholesterol is synthesized in liver cells which contributes to 75% of cholesterol required
b) The dietary cholesterol intake is around 1.5 g per day
c) Animals develop severe hypercholesterolaemia when fed with high cholesterol containing diets
d) The rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is catalysed by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase
B
Which of the following statements related to cholesterol metabolism ways are correct?
a) The main effect of statins is to increase cholesterol efflux
b) Plant sterol uptake is similarly high as compared to cholesterol
c) Plant sterol containing products such as benecol lower plasma cholesterol levels and CVD mortality
d) Fibre is able to trap bile acids, thereby removing cholesterol and lowering plasma levels
D
Select the incorrect statements on fructose and carbohydrate metabolism:
a) There are no limitations as to how much fructose can be converted into Acetyl-CoA
b) Fructose can be converted into fatty acids in the human body
c) Fructose and glucose increase insulin secretion
d) Carbohydrate consumption can affect the rate of lipogenesis
C
Different dietary fatty acids affect serum LDL cholesterol levels ?
a) To the same extent
b) With lauric acid having the strongest effect to increase LDL cholesterol levels
c) The effect is mainly depending on the number of double bonds
d) With stearic acid (C18) having the largest effect to raise LDL cholesterol levels
B
Which of the following is correct?
a) A plant based diet is comparable with regards to CVD risk to a typical Western diet
b) The original PREDIMED paper was retracted and a corrected version published
c) Meal composition is analysed by Cluster analysis
d) Analysing dietary patterns means to focus on single nutrients
B
Which of the following regarding flavonoids/polyphenols is correct?
a) Processing of tea leaves does not affect the composition of catechins
b) Orange-yellow theaflavins are a results of short fermentation of tea leaves
c) Epigallocatechin gallate, desmonin and epicatechin are tea catechins
d) Coffee consumption does not contribute to polyphenol intake
B
