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Molecular and Cellular Physiology > MCP 32: Hematology > Flashcards

MCP 32: Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

centrifuge without an anti-coagulant

A

blot clots, two layers form

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2
Q

serum

A

plasma without fibrinogen, but still contains proteins

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3
Q

centrifuge with an anti-coagulant

A

liquid part is called plasma, solid component is made up of 3 layers: a thin platelet layer, a buffy coat of white blood cells, and a large layer of erythrocytes

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4
Q

hematocrit

A

the volume percentage/fraction of RBCs in the whole blood; normal hematocrit is around 40-
50%

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5
Q

anemia

A

low hemoglobin

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6
Q

polycythemia

A

high hemocrit, people that live at high altitudes

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7
Q

plasma contents

A

water (90%), solutes (10%, albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin as well as organic and inorganic solutes)

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8
Q

albumin

A

the most common protein found in blood, major oncotic agent, made in the liver, can carry some things in a hydrophobic pocket

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9
Q

globulin

A

the second most common protein found

in blood; alpha, beta, and gamma subtypes of globulin

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10
Q

fibrinogen

A

involved in clotting

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11
Q

RBCs

A

most abundant cell in body, lack nucleus, cannot repair self, functions to transport CO2 and O2, flexible to squeeze through capillaries

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12
Q

removal of RBCs

A

spleen, liver, bone marrow, small amount phagocytosed in blood

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13
Q

RBC membrane structures

A

1.) glycophorin 2.) band 3 3.) ankyrin

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14
Q

glycophorin

A

protein’s extracellular carbohydrate domain is responsible for ABO blood typing

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15
Q

band 3

A

anion transport channel, ransports anions (specifically bicarbonate and chloride) in order to aid CO2 release in the lungs

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16
Q

ankarin

A

tethers the submembrane cytoskeleton to the membrane, as well as band 3 to the submembrane cytoskeleton

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17
Q

causes of anemia

A
  1. Loss of blood
  2. Insufficient production of RBCs
  3. Insufficient hemoglobin (ex. Low iron)
  4. RBC destruction (ex. Sickle cell)
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18
Q

differential count

A

relative amount of each type of WBC

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19
Q

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils—order in decreasing abundance of WBCs–much more RBCs than WBCs

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20
Q

neutrophils

A

multilobulated nuclei and non-specific/specific granules, lobulation increases as the cell ages, in females a drumstick appendage may be present which represents the inactivated X-chromosome, undergo diapedesis and chemotaxis

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21
Q

drumstick appendage

A

in neutrophils; represents an inactivated X-chromosome

22
Q

non-specific granules

A

contain lysosomes, azurophilic, stain reddish purple

23
Q

diapedesis and chemotaxis

A

Diapedesis is squeezing through an endothelium. Chemotaxis is the movement towards a chemical signal.

24
Q

other names for neutrophils

A

polymorphonuclear Leukocyte/PMNs, polys

25
Q

neutrophilic mechanisms for killing bacteria

A

oxygen-dependent mechanism uses O2 to form hydrogen peroxide, which is combined with chloride to make bleach, also can use oxygen radicals, the oxygen-independent mechanism basically dumps lysosomal contents onto bacteria.

26
Q

Eosinophils

A

slightly lobulated nuclei and lots of salmon pink granules; granules have stripes; granule is divided into an internum and an externum, These cells are attracted to parasites by chemicals secreted by basophils.

27
Q

externum

A

part of eosinophilic granule that contains peroxidase and hydrolytic enzymes

28
Q

internum

A

part of esoinophilic granule that contains chemical responsible for destroying parasites
major basic protein, cationic protein, and neurotoxin

29
Q

basophil

A

many dark granules that may cover up the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm, induce inflammation when an antigen crosslinks
IgE antibodies on the surface of the basophil–
causes a signal cascade resulting in calcium influx and ultimately granule release

30
Q

lymphocyte

A

very large nuclei that leaves little room for cytoplasm and no granules

31
Q

monocytes

A

difficult to identify, develop into macrophages that phagocytose antigens and chop them up.

32
Q

play a role in blood clotting

A

fragments of cells

33
Q

granulomere

A

inner region; made up of three different kinds of granules

34
Q

hyalomere

A

made up of microtubules and microfilaments

35
Q

damage to epithelium

A

will result in the subendothelial collagen being exposed. Platelets can attach to the collagen which activates granule release. The serotonin released will cause vasoconstriction and slows blood flow to the damaged area. Platelets also begin aggregating, but a true clot isn’t formed until fibrinogen is converted to fibrin and is crosslinked

36
Q

two classes of leukocytes (WBCs)

A

granulated and agranulated

37
Q

packed cell volume

A

hematocrit

38
Q

lifespan of RBC

A

120 days

39
Q

days for RBC to grow in bone marrow

A

7 to 8 days

40
Q

main function of neutrophils

A

killing bacteria

41
Q

main functions of basophils

A

recruit eosinophils and inflammation

42
Q

what do basophil granules contain

A

heparin, proteases, histamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor

43
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

44
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

45
Q

eosinophil chemotactic factor

A

released by basophils to call eosinophils to parasite for destruction

46
Q

function of eosinophils

A

destroying parasites, limiting inflammation

47
Q

megakaryocytes

A

plaetlets derived from these

48
Q

lambda granules

A

from platelets; contain lysosomes

49
Q

delta granules

A

from platelets, Delta (also called dense core) granules contain serotonin and other vasoconstrictors.

50
Q

alpha granules

A

from platelets, contain platelet- derived growth factor (PDGF) that stimulate endothelial cell mitosis and promotes repair.

51
Q

formed elements

A

WBCs, RBCs and platelets

Molecular and Cellular Physiology (14 decks)

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