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Mcom 70 > MCOM72 Week 7 > Flashcards

MCOM72 Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Four stages of TV evolution in the US

A
  • Birth of commercial broadcasting
  • Network era
  • Post-network era or cable tv
  • Digital era
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2
Q

Paul Nipkow’s rudimentary TV camera (1880s)

A

connected electric sensors to a mechanical spinning disk with perforated holes

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3
Q

Cathode ray tube (1890s)

A
  • Projected electronic signals onto a glass screen inside a vacuum tube
  • TV station (transmission point), TV set (reception point)
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4
Q

In 2009, digital standard adopted

A
  • High-definition broadcast images and sound quality
  • Requires less spectrum space
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5
Q

Broadcast networks own and operate a limited number

A

of broadcast stations (O&Os, for owned and operated)

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6
Q

Broadcast networks deliver

A

programming lineups to affiliate
stations

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7
Q

Kinescope:

A

a film camera (16 mm) placed in
front of a TV monitor to capture a program as it aired

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8
Q

Between 1958 and the 1980s, TV industry
dominated by Big Three broadcast networks

A

NBC, CBS, and ABC

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9
Q

Early television programs followed single-
sponsorship model

A

Programs were developed, produced,
and supported by a single sponsor;
networks lacked creative control

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10
Q

In magazine-sponsorship model

A

networks manage program development and sell spots to various sponsors

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11
Q

Provide affiliates with programming to cover prime time

A

the critical evening hours when
viewing is highest

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12
Q

Anthology dramas:

A

artistically significant plays written for television, featuring different characters and settings each week

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13
Q

episodic series

A

a format in which the main characters remain the same from week to week

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14
Q

Chapter shows:

A

all story lines wrap up each week

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15
Q

Serial programs:

A

story lines continue across episodes

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16
Q

Cloning:

A

involves creating a new series by copying key features of an innovative and popular program

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17
Q

Spin-off:

A

when a character from a hit series becomes the lead in a new one

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18
Q

Franchise:

A

when producers leverage the name recognition of a popular show to
brand other series

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19
Q

Must-carry rules:

A

required cable operators to include all local
TV broadcasts on their systems

20
Q

Access channels:

A

non broadcast channels dedicated to
local education, government, and the public

21
Q

Media regulation

A

with policy such as the Fairness
Doctrine (1949) or the ‘Prime Time Access Rule’ (1970)

22
Q

Electronic publishing:

A

cable operators able to choose which
channels to carry

23
Q

CATV: community antenna television

A
  • First cable system
  • Originated where mountains or tall buildings blocked TV signals
  • Two big advantages: eliminated over-the-air interference and
    increased channel capacity
24
Q

Cable franchise:

A

a mini-monopoly awarded by a city or
town, usually for a 15-year period

25
Q

Basic cable channels:

A

channels included in less expensive
cable packages

26
Q

Premium channels:

A

channels included in more expensive
cable packages

27
Q

direct broadcast satellite (DBS)

A

a system that transmits signals directly to a satellite dish at customers’ homes

28
Q

VCRs enable viewers to time-shift

A

record programs to watch at their convenience

29
Q

least objectionable programming:

A

a strategy aimed at attracting
as big an audience as possible by not turning off any viewers

30
Q

narrowcasting:

A

providing
specialized programming for diverse and fragmented groups

31
Q

The Fox News Case

A

At this day it is the most successful television station in the
United States, in profits (audience) and political influence

32
Q

Robert
Murdoch (News Corporation) in 1985-1986

A

Fox, created as a more generalist broadcaster

33
Q

Fox adopted a populist rhetoric

A

but supporting rightwing
values (libertarian in economics, conservative in values,
racist, etc.)

34
Q

The HBO case

A
  • It changed our conception of television as that ‘vast
    wasteland’
  • Market for quality television via subscriptions
    (other experiences in France and Spain also early
    1990s)
  • It created extremely good products but at the cost
    of class and ethnic barriers
  • Point of departure for streaming television
    (especially Netflix)
  • Impact on Hollywood business, synergies or clashes
  • New type of advertising strategies (types of
    subscription, underlying ads or product placement,
    etc.)
35
Q

Telecommunications Act of 1996

A
  • Massive overhaul of communications law that affected
    almost every aspect of U.S. television industry
  • Government established a plan to switch to new digital
    standard
  • Removed barriers between phone companies, long-
    distance phone carriers, and cable companies
  • Allowed phone and cable companies to provide
    Internet access
  • To scholars, a major piece of neoliberal deregulation of
    the American media system (already started with
    Reagan) and opening media business to any company
36
Q

By the 2000s, thousands of independent cable
systems snapped up by

A

multiple-systems
operators like Comcast and Charter
Communications, which own many cable systems
around the country

37
Q

Oligopolistic media market

A

low pluralism, low
quality, especially for those without money for
subscriptions or knowledge to get access to other
markets, and ideas

38
Q

Linear TV:

A

broadcast TV’s and cable’s traditional approach to content delivery, in
which a show airs at a specific time

39
Q

Place shifting:

A

the practice of accessing stored media from different locations

40
Q

Content delivery services:

A

companies whose business it is to gather and
distribute TV content

41
Q

Ad-supported TV uses measurements to negotiate prices

A
  • An episode’s Nielsen rating indicates what percentage of TV
    households watched that episode
  • An episode’s share indicates what percentage of TV households
    who had their TV set turned on at that time were watching that
    episode
42
Q

TV has reflected and contributed to America’s cultural

A

shift from
mass nation to niche nation

43
Q

The loss of shared experiences and consensus narratives

A

likely
contributes to political polarization

44
Q

Variety of content offered in the digital era is increasingly available
only to those who can afford it

A

undermining the principle of free
and universal access to television

45
Q

Market dominance since 1980s

A

pushed diversity but with
limitations

Mcom 70 (8 decks)

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