MCBG 14

Question 1

Name 3 micro-mutations

Answer 1

Insertion,
deletion,
substitutions

Question 2

Name 4 macro-Mutations

Answer 2

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Substitution
Translocation....DDIST

Question 3

What are the two types of mutations?

Answer 3

Point mutations

Frame shift mutations

Question 4

Whats a non-sense mutation?

Answer 4

Changes a amino acid into a stop codon

Question 5

whats a mis-sense mutations?

Answer 5

Mis-sense proteins cause a change in amino acid

Question 6

Mis-sense mutations can be broken down into 3 types…

Answer 6

1) Silent mutations (no change in polypeptide change
2) Conservative Mutations - amino acid is changed to another similar amino acid
3) non-conservative mutations - amino acid changes to an amino acid with different properties

Question 7

Acidic side chained at pH 7 Amino acids. Give 2 examples?

Answer 7

aspartic acid or aspartate (Asp) and glutamic acid or glutamate (Glu)

Question 8

Basic side chained at pH 7 Amino acids . Give 2 examples?

Answer 8

Arginine (Arg), Lysine (Lys), and Histidine (His).

Question 9

Whats the difference between a oncogene and a proto oncogene?

Answer 9

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can mutate and become an oncogene. An oncogene is a normal gene that can under certain circumstances can change into a tumour cell. Proto-oncogene is step 1. oncogene is step 2

Question 10

Why is a ‘gain of function’ mutation is more likely to produce a dominant trait than a recessive trait.

Answer 10

Because they are more likely to survive because the work and they can out compete normal proteins

Question 11

Name 5 types of endogenous DNA damage

Answer 11

1) Oxidation of bases
2) Alkylation of bases
3) Hydrolysis of bases
4) Bulky Adduct formation
5) Mismatch of Bases

Question 12

What occurs to DNA when it is damaged by UV-B light

Answer 12

crosslinking between adjacent cytosine and thymine bases creating pyrimidine dimers

Question 13

What occurs to DNA when it is damaged by UV-A light

Answer 13

creates mostly free radicals. The damage caused by free radicals is called indirect DNA damage.

Question 14

What occurs to DNA when it is damaged by Ionizing radiation

Answer 14

Single and Double stranded breaks in DNA. Intrastrand crosslinks

Question 15

What occurs to DNA when it is damaged by Thermal disruption

Answer 15

Depurination (loss of purine bases from the DNA backbone)

Single-strand breaks

Question 16

What occurs to DNA when it is damaged by DNA mistakes

Answer 16

Micro-mutations..
insertion,
substitution,
substitution

Question 17

What is Nitrous Acid? How is it formed?

Answer 17

A mutagen. Sodium nitrate is converted into Nitrous Acid in the stomach which can deaminate of C and A

Question 18

Which bases are purines?

Answer 18

A and G. Pure As Gold. They’re also the larger molcules

Question 19

Which bases are pyridamines?

Answer 19

Pyrimidine = CUT

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

Question 20

How could you test DNA for nucleotide level mistakes? 2

Answer 20

DNA sequencing

PCR plus restriction analysis/DNA sequencing

Question 21

How could you test DNA for gene level mistakes?

Answer 21

Southern hybridisation 
Northern hybridisation 
RT-PCR
Microarray
DNA fingerprinting/DNA profiling

Question 22

How could you test DNA for nucleotide level mistakes?

Answer 22

Karyotyping

FISH / Chromosome painting

Question 23

Whats the use of PCR?

Answer 23

Used to make lots of copies of a fragment of DNA