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CP2.02_Histology > McAuliffe Lung Histology > Flashcards

McAuliffe Lung Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Type I pneumocytes are:

A
  • squamous cells in the alveoli walls through which gas exchange occurs.
  • 95% of the surface area of the alveoli.
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2
Q

The connective tissue adjacent to the respiratory epithelium is called:

A
  • lamina propria (tunica propria).
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3
Q

Loss of elastic tissue in bronchioles contributes to which disease?

A

emphysema.

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4
Q

Once odor molecules are dissolved by the serous fluid released by the Bowman’s Glands of the olfactory epithelium, what do the odor molecules do?

A
  • trigger G-protein linked receptors on cilia.
  • adenyl cyclase-cAMP pathway activated.
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5
Q

Function and structures of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system:

A

gas exchange

  • Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli.
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6
Q

What do alveolar dust cells (macrophages) phagocytose?

A
  • microscopic foreign matter that escaped the mucous blanket in the conductive respiratory system.
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7
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome:

A
  • Type II pneumocytes mature late in gestation.
  • Premature infants may not produce sufficient surfactant for adequate respiratory function.
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8
Q

Walls of alveoli are composed of:

A
  • Type I pneumocytes.
  • Type II pneumocytes.
  • Continuous capillaries.
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9
Q

What occurs to the alveoli and bronchioles in emphysema?

A
  • small elastic fibers destroyed.
  • bronchioles collapse.
  • alveoli dilated.
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10
Q

What replaces the cartilage in bronchi as they become bronchioles?

A
  • smooth muscle and elastic fibers
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11
Q

Cause of emphysema:

A
  • elastic fibers in interstitial tissue are destroyed and air passages cannot remain open.
  • gas movement into and out of alveoli compromised.
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12
Q

Function of lamellar bodies in Type II pneumocytes:

A
  • discharge surfactant into alveolus lumen.
  • reduces surface tension, prevents alveolar collapse (atelectasis), and increases elastic recoil during expiration.
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13
Q

Function of the serous secretion from Bowman’s glands in the lamina propria of olfactory mucosa:

A

dissolves odor molecules.

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14
Q

What type of cell are the arrows pointing to?

A

Type II pneumocytes with lamellar bodies

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15
Q

A pulmonary acinus is:

A
  • the tissue served by one respiratory bronchiole.
  • several respiratory bronchioles branch from each terminal bronchiole.
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16
Q

What is a swell body?

A
  • the highly vascular tissue of the lamina propria in the nasal cavity that periodically engorges with blood to allow for mucosa rehydration.
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17
Q

Function of alpha-1-antitrypsin:

A
  • protease inhibitor secreted by macrophages.
  • limits action of elastases.
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18
Q

Emphysema is one of several types of:

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

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19
Q

What is BALT?

A

Bronchus Associated Lymphatic Tissue

  • lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of the trachea and bronchus.
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20
Q

Olfactory receptor cells in the olfactory mucosa have ciliated dendritic processes that are bathed in a serous secretion from originating from:

A
  • Bowman’s glands in the lamina propria.
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21
Q

Clara cells location and structure:

A
  • Located in smallest bronchioles.
  • Dome-shaped, non-ciliated cells.
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22
Q

Process of elastic fiber replacement in smallest bronchioles:

A
  • elastases break down old elastic fibers.
  • new fibers produced by fibroblasts in interstitial tissue.
  • process mediated by alpha-1-antitrypsin.
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23
Q

Where are MALTs located?

A

lamina propria

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24
Q

Function of olfactory sustentacular cells:

A
  • support and nourish the olfactory receptor cells.
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25
Q

What is a mucosa/mucous membrane?

A
  • A wet epithelium kept moist by the secretions of glands.
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26
Q

Mucosal secretion in oral cavity:

A

saliva

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27
Q

The lamina propria of the nasal cavity is highly vascular and periodically becomes engorged with blood, obstructing the passage of air. What is the function of this?

A

periodic swelling allows the mucosa to rehydrate.

28
Q

Function and location of mucociliary escalator:

A
  • defense mechanism.
  • pharynx to terminal bronchioles.
  • as mucous reaches pharynx, it is swallowed or expectorated.
29
Q

What separates the respiratory epithelium from the lamina propria?

A
  • a basement membrane
30
Q

Lymphocytes commonly found in the respiratory epithelium (intraepithelial lymphocytes) migrated there from the:

A

lamina propria.

31
Q

Function of the adventitia of connective tissue layer of the trachea and bronchi:

A
  1. Contains cartilage that functions to keep the airway open.
  2. Contains smooth muscle that allows the diameter of the airways to be regulated.
32
Q

Where are the mucous secreting glands of the respiratory system derived from?

A
  • the respiratory epithelium
33
Q

Characteristics of respiratory epithelium:

A
  • Single layer pseudostratified epithelium.
  • Goblet cells present.
  • Basement membrane is very thick.
34
Q

Does olfactory mucosa have goblet cells?

A

No.

35
Q

Major characteristics of asthma (3):

A
  1. variable degree of airflow obstruction
  2. bronchial hyper-responsiveness
  3. airway inflammation
36
Q

Function of small elastic fibers in the connective tissue of bronchioles:

A
  • provide traction on the small airways to help keep them open during inspiration and expiration.
37
Q

How does the maxillary sinus drain?

A

via ciliary action against gravity

38
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue.

  • May be a small a small group of lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophils or it may be as well developed as a lymphatic nodule.
39
Q

A pulmonary lobule is:

A
  • all tissue served by a terminal bronchiole.
  • several respiratory bronchioles branch from each terminal bronchiole.
40
Q

Function of olfactory basal cells:

A
  • stem cells that proliferate to replace both the receptor cells and the sustentacular cells.
41
Q

Type I pneumocytes are joined to each other via:

A

tight junctions.

42
Q

Emphysema is characterized by:

A
  • destruction of tissue distal to the terminal bronchioles.
43
Q

DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine system cells / K cells) cells location and function:

A
  • respiratory epithelium.
  • secrete neuropeptides and vasoactive substances into the lamina propria.
44
Q

Alveolar dust cells are:

A
  • Alveolar macrophages.
  • Travel between alveoli via alveolar pores.
45
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome:

A
  • inherited disorder.
  • cilia lack dynein; non-functional.
  • males sterile.
  • males and females chronic sinusitis and bronchitis due to the inability to clear the respiratory passages.
46
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are primarily lined by what cells?

A

clara cells

47
Q

Effect of tobacco smoke on mucociliary escalator:

A
  • increases mucous secretion
  • poisons cilia of the mucociliary escalator
  • respiratory infections more likely
48
Q

Structures of the conducting system of the respiratory system:

A
  1. nose and nasal cavity
  2. nasopharynx
  3. pharynx
  4. larynx
  5. trachea
  6. primary, secondary and tertiary (segmental) bronchi
  7. 12-16 orders of subsegmental bronchi and non-respiratory bronchioles
49
Q

Cell make-up of respiratory epithelium:

A
  • ~30% goblet cells
  • ~30% ciliated cells
  • ~30% basal cells
50
Q

Function of elastases:

A
  • secreted by neutrophils.
  • break down old elastic fibers in smallest bronchioles.
51
Q

Type II pneumocytes structure and location:

A
  • dome shaped cells in the alveolar wall
  • contain lamellar or multilamellar bodies.
52
Q

Layers of the trachea and bronchi:

A
  1. mucosa (contains BALT)
  2. submucosa
  3. adventitia of connective tissue containing hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle
53
Q

Function of surfactant released by lamellar bodies in Type II pneumocytes:

A
  • discharged into alveolus lumen.
    1. reduces surface tension (expiration)
    2. prevents alveolar collapse (expiration)
    3. increases elastic recoil (expiration)
    4. coats bacteria and viruses
54
Q

Terminal bronchioles (the smallest bronchioles) are primarily lined by what cells?

A

clara cells (replace respiratory endothelium)

55
Q

Mucosal secretion in respiratory system:

A
  • mucous from goblet cells and other glands.
56
Q

Mucosa structure in nasal cavity:

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells and cilia (“respiratory epithelium”).
  • Lamina propria is highly vascular.
57
Q

Structures composing the blood-air barrier (3):

A
  1. type I pneumocyte.
  2. capillary endothelium.
  3. shared basement membrane between the two epithelia.
58
Q

How does an environmental toxin such as tobacco smoke cause emphysema?

A
  • tobacco smoke disrupts the normal function of macrophages by suppressing the production and/or function of alpha-1-antitrypsin.
  • elastase overproduced; elastic fibers in smallest bronchioles destroyed.
59
Q

The epithelium of the olfactory mucous membrane has three types of cells:

A
  1. olfactory receptor cells
  2. sustentacular/supporting cells
  3. basal cells
60
Q

Composition of the lamina propria:

A
  • relatively loose connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves, and lots of lymphatic vessels.
61
Q

Function of the cilia of the respiratory epithelium:

A
  • mucociliary escalator.
  • moves the blanket of mucous (with trapped foreign material) proximally.
62
Q

Changes to bronchiole respiratory epithelium as they get smaller:

A
  1. goblet cells no longer found.
  2. ciliated cells found more distally.
  3. epithelial cells become cuboidal.
63
Q

Path from respiratory bronchioles to alveoli:

A
  • respiratory bronchioles.
  • alveolar ducts.
  • alveolar sacs (lined with individual alveoli).
  • alveoli have alveolar pores in their walls.
64
Q

Clara cells location and function:

A
  • Located in smallest bronchioles.
  1. Secrete a lipoprotein that reduces surface tension in airways to keep them open.
  2. Metabolize foreign materials.
  3. Stem cells to replace other bronchiolar epithelial cells.
65
Q

Which bronchiole is the first to participate in gas exchange?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles, which branch from terminal bronchioles.
  • contain alveoli in walls.
66
Q

Function of conducting system of the respiratory system:

A

warms, moistens and cleans the inspired air.

67
Q

Function of basal cells in respiratory epithelium:

A
  • stem cells that proliferate to replace ciliated cells and goblet cells.

CP2.02_Histology (3 decks)

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