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AMCAT > MCAT Review > Flashcards

MCAT Review Flashcards

1
Q

Uncompetitive Inhibitor effects

A

Vmax= decrease
Km= decrease

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2
Q

Competitive Inhibitor effects

A

Vmax= unchanged
Km= increase

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3
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor effects

A

Vmax= decrease
Km= no change

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4
Q

Torque

A

t= rfsin(theta)

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5
Q

SO4 2-

A

sulfate

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6
Q

SO3 2-

A

sulfite

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7
Q

NO3-

A

nitrate

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8
Q

NO2-

A

nitrite

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9
Q

alpha decay

A

emission of alpha particle (helium nucleus)
lose 2 protons and 4g weight

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10
Q

beta negative decay (default)

A

decay of neutron into proton with emission of electron and an antineutrino
gain 1 proton, same mass

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11
Q

beta positive decay

A

positron emission
decay of proton into neutron with emission of positron and neutrino
lose 1 proton, same mass

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12
Q

electron capture

A

absorption of an electron from inner shell that combines with a proton in nucleus to form neutron
lose one proton, same mass

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13
Q

gamma decay

A

emission of gamma ray, made up of photons, which converts a high energy nucleus into a more stable nucleus
protons + mass unchanged

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14
Q

sp hybridization

A

linear geometry
180 degree bond angle
either 2 bonded pairs or 1 bonded pair + lone pair

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15
Q

sp2 hybridization

A

starting with 3 bonded pairs + 0 lone pairs
trigonal planar
120 degree bond angle

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16
Q

sp3 hybridization

A

starting with 4 bonded pairs and 0 lone pairs
tetrahedral
109.5 degree angle

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17
Q

sp3d hybridization

A

starting with 5 bonded pairs and 0 lone pairs
trigonal bypyrimadal
90 and 120 degree angle

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18
Q

sp3d2 hybridization

A

starting with 6 bonded pairs and 0 lone pairs
octahedral
120 degree angle

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19
Q

power formulas

A

P=IV
P=I^2*R
P=V^2/R

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20
Q

voltage formula

A

V=IR

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21
Q

steroid signaling hormones

A

made in gonads and adrenal cortex from cholesterol

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22
Q

adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids

A

glucocorticoids: cortisol/cortisone

increase glucose
decrease protein synthesis
decrease immune system

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23
Q

adrenal cortex
mineralcorticoids

A

aldosterone

decrease K+ in blood
increase Na+ in blood
increase water in blood due to osmosis
increase blood pressure

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24
Q

adrenal cortex
androgens

A

converted to testosterone and estrogen in gonads

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25
Q

oxidoreductase

A

redox reactions involving transfer of electrons

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26
Q

transferase

A

move functional group from one molecule to another

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27
Q

lyase

A

catalyze cleavage without water or transfer of electrons

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28
Q

hydrolase

A

catalyze cleavage with addition of H2O
ex: protease

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29
Q

Isomerase

A

catalyze the interconversion of isomers, including constitutional + stereoisomer

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30
Q

ligase

A

join two large biomolecules

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31
Q

lipase

A

catalyze hydrolysis of fats. Broken down to fatty acids, glycerol, and other alcohols

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32
Q

Kinase

A

add phosphate group

33
Q

Phosphatase

A

remove phosphate group

34
Q

phosphorylase

A

introduce a phosphate group into an organic compound, notably glucose

covalently modify

35
Q

N-H IR bond

A

3300cm-1 sharp

36
Q

O-H IR

A

3000-3300 cm-1 broad

37
Q

C triple bond O or N IR

A

1900-2200 cm-1
medium

38
Q

C double bond O IR

A

1750
sharp

39
Q

C double bond C IR

A

1600-1680
weak

40
Q

C-N IR

A

1100

41
Q

disulfide links

A

from 2 cysteine groups

42
Q

Fischer esterification

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol under acidic reactions

43
Q

Grignard reaction

A

how to produce secondary alcohol from aldehyde

aldehyde + grignard reagent (H3C-MgBr) equals alkoxide + MgBR
add acidic workup for protonation to get alcohol

44
Q

polar amino acids

A

Serine, Ser, S
Threonine, Thr, T
Asparagine, Asn, N
Glutamine, Gln, Q
Cysteine, Cys, R

45
Q

positively charged basic AAs

A

lysine, lys, K
Arginine, Arg, R
Histidine, His, H

46
Q

negatively charged acidic AAs

A

aspartic acid, Asp, D
glutamic acid, Glu, E

47
Q

hydrophobic

A

nonpolar, positive, and lipophilic

48
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar, negative, and lipophobic

49
Q

epimer

A

molecules have multiple chiral carbons but differ from each other through ONE chiral carbon

50
Q

anomeric carbon

A

carbon with 2 bonds to oxygen

51
Q

glycosidic linkages

A

1 to 4 is linear segments
1 to 6 is branch points

52
Q

ubiquitination

A

how proteins are tagged for degradation, which causes proteosomes to recognize and degrade marked protein via proteolysis [peptide bond cleavage]

53
Q

amino acids prone to phosphorylation

A

Serine (ser), Threonine (thr), Tyrosine (Tyr) b/c of hydroxyl in side chain

54
Q

transformation (bacteria)

A

genetic info from environment

55
Q

conjugation (bacteria)

A

transfer of genetic info via a conjugation bridge (plasmids)

56
Q

transduction (bacteria)

A

transfer using bacteriophage

57
Q

transfection (bacteria)

A

genetic material introduced into eukaryotic cells

58
Q

transpoons

A

genetic info that can insert/remove themselves

59
Q

leydig cells

A

release testosterone thanks to luteinizing hormone (GnRH)

60
Q

semeniferous tubules

A

locations of spermatogenesis and nourished by sertoli cells

61
Q

mass spectrometry

A

measures molecular weight of molecule by bombarding molecules in sample with beam of electrons, producing positively charged ions and fragments of a molecule. Ionized fragments detected and mass spectrum generated, with y -axis representing ion abundance and x-axis representing mass-to-charge ratio

62
Q

SN1 vs Sn2 sterochem

A

SN2= inversion of stereochemistry and 1 step

SN1= 2 steps and racemic mixture

63
Q

acids + o chem reactions

A
  • catalyze reactions by donating protons to a reactant
  • protonation enhances electrophiles and increases stability of leaving groups
  • acids decrease nucleophilicity of molecules
64
Q

pentose phosphate pathway
(in cytosol)

A

produces ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH (made by reduction of NADP+) which serves as an electron donor

65
Q

stabilization of secondary protein structures

A

hydrogen bonding between amino groups and nonadjacent carboxyl groups

66
Q

transmembrane alpha helices

A

enriched in amino acids with hydrophobic side chains

67
Q

affinity chromatography

A

affinity chromatography purifies proteins based on specific protein-ligand interactions. Look for most similar compound to what you are trying to elute

68
Q

positive cooperativity

A

S-shaped sigmoidal curve. Means one ligand binding influences the binding of subsequent ligands by making it easier for them

69
Q

krebs cycle
location + purpose

A

inner mitochondrial matrix
main purpose is to
oxidize carbons in intermediates to CO2 and generate high-energy
electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and GTP.

70
Q

peptide hydrolysis

A

proteases used to cleave C-N bond in peptide linkage
cannot cleave disulfide bonds

71
Q

citric acid cycle connection to ETC

A

CAC oxidizes acetyl-coA to produce NADH and FADH2, which then feeds into ETC

72
Q

ETC 4 enzymes

A

Complex I- NADH Dehydrogenase
Complex II- Succinate Dehydrogenase
Complex III- Cytochrome Reductase
Complex IV- Cytochrome Oxidase

73
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

pyruvate reduced to lactic acid while also regenerating NAD+ to allow for continued partial oxidation of additional glucose

74
Q

apoptosis in mitochondria

A

oxidative stress in mitochondria may lead to release of cytochrome c

cytochrome c release = apoptosis

75
Q

BCAAs

A

branched alkyl side chains
leucine (leu, l)
isoleucine (ile, i)
valine (val, v)

76
Q

glycogenesis enzymes

A

glycogen synthase and debranching enzyme

77
Q

glycogenolysis enzymes

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase, and Debranching Enzyme

78
Q

electron transport chain

A

proton concentration gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane, which drives phosphorylation of ADP

initiates transfer of electrons through energetically favorable redox reactions that end with O2 as final electron acceptor. excess energy can pump protons from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space which establishes charge and proton concentration gradient

79
Q
A

AMCAT (8 decks)

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