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MCAT Review Flashcards

1
Q

Uncompetitive Inhibitor effects

A

Vmax= decrease
Km= decrease

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2
Q

Competitive Inhibitor effects

A

Vmax= unchanged
Km= increase

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3
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor effects

A

Vmax= decrease
Km= no change

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4
Q

Torque

A

t= rfsin(theta)

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5
Q

SO4 2-

A

sulfate

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6
Q

SO3 2-

A

sulfite

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7
Q

NO3-

A

nitrate

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8
Q

NO2-

A

nitrite

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9
Q

alpha decay

A

emission of alpha particle (helium nucleus)
lose 2 protons and 4g weight

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10
Q

beta negative decay (default)

A

decay of neutron into proton with emission of electron and an antineutrino
gain 1 proton, same mass

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11
Q

beta positive decay

A

positron emission
decay of proton into neutron with emission of positron and neutrino
lose 1 proton, same mass

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12
Q

electron capture

A

absorption of an electron from inner shell that combines with a proton in nucleus to form neutron
lose one proton, same mass

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13
Q

gamma decay

A

emission of gamma ray, made up of photons, which converts a high energy nucleus into a more stable nucleus
protons + mass unchanged

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14
Q

sp hybridization

A

linear geometry
180 degree bond angle
either 2 bonded pairs or 1 bonded pair + lone pair

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15
Q

sp2 hybridization

A

starting with 3 bonded pairs + 0 lone pairs
trigonal planar
120 degree bond angle

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16
Q

sp3 hybridization

A

starting with 4 bonded pairs and 0 lone pairs
tetrahedral
109.5 degree angle

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17
Q

sp3d hybridization

A

starting with 5 bonded pairs and 0 lone pairs
trigonal bypyrimadal
90 and 120 degree angle

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18
Q

sp3d2 hybridization

A

starting with 6 bonded pairs and 0 lone pairs
octahedral
120 degree angle

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19
Q

power formulas

A

P=IV
P=I^2*R
P=V^2/R

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20
Q

voltage formula

A

V=IR

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21
Q

steroid signaling hormones

A

made in gonads and adrenal cortex from cholesterol

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22
Q

adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids

A

glucocorticoids: cortisol/cortisone

increase glucose
decrease protein synthesis
decrease immune system

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23
Q

adrenal cortex
mineralcorticoids

A

aldosterone

decrease K+ in blood
increase Na+ in blood
increase water in blood due to osmosis
increase blood pressure

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24
Q

adrenal cortex
androgens

A

converted to testosterone and estrogen in gonads

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25
oxidoreductase
redox reactions involving transfer of electrons
26
transferase
move functional group from one molecule to another
27
lyase
catalyze cleavage without water or transfer of electrons
28
hydrolase
catalyze cleavage with addition of H2O ex: protease
29
Isomerase
catalyze the interconversion of isomers, including constitutional + stereoisomer
30
ligase
join two large biomolecules
31
lipase
catalyze hydrolysis of fats. Broken down to fatty acids, glycerol, and other alcohols
32
Kinase
add phosphate group
33
Phosphatase
remove phosphate group
34
phosphorylase
introduce a phosphate group into an organic compound, notably glucose covalently modify
35
N-H IR bond
3300cm-1 sharp
36
O-H IR
3000-3300 cm-1 broad
37
C triple bond O or N IR
1900-2200 cm-1 medium
38
C double bond O IR
1750 sharp
39
C double bond C IR
1600-1680 weak
40
C-N IR
1100
41
disulfide links
from 2 cysteine groups
42
Fischer esterification
carboxylic acid + alcohol under acidic reactions
43
Grignard reaction
how to produce secondary alcohol from aldehyde aldehyde + grignard reagent (H3C-MgBr) equals alkoxide + MgBR add acidic workup for protonation to get alcohol
44
polar amino acids
Serine, Ser, S Threonine, Thr, T Asparagine, Asn, N Glutamine, Gln, Q Cysteine, Cys, R
45
positively charged basic AAs
lysine, lys, K Arginine, Arg, R Histidine, His, H
46
negatively charged acidic AAs
aspartic acid, Asp, D glutamic acid, Glu, E
47
hydrophobic
nonpolar, positive, and lipophilic
48
hydrophilic
polar, negative, and lipophobic
49
epimer
molecules have multiple chiral carbons but differ from each other through ONE chiral carbon
50
anomeric carbon
carbon with 2 bonds to oxygen
51
glycosidic linkages
1 to 4 is linear segments 1 to 6 is branch points
52
ubiquitination
how proteins are tagged for degradation, which causes proteosomes to recognize and degrade marked protein via proteolysis [peptide bond cleavage]
53
amino acids prone to phosphorylation
Serine (ser), Threonine (thr), Tyrosine (Tyr) b/c of hydroxyl in side chain
54
transformation (bacteria)
genetic info from environment
55
conjugation (bacteria)
transfer of genetic info via a conjugation bridge (plasmids)
56
transduction (bacteria)
transfer using bacteriophage
57
transfection (bacteria)
genetic material introduced into eukaryotic cells
58
transpoons
genetic info that can insert/remove themselves
59
leydig cells
release testosterone thanks to luteinizing hormone (GnRH)
60
semeniferous tubules
locations of spermatogenesis and nourished by sertoli cells
61
mass spectrometry
measures molecular weight of molecule by bombarding molecules in sample with beam of electrons, producing positively charged ions and fragments of a molecule. Ionized fragments detected and mass spectrum generated, with y -axis representing ion abundance and x-axis representing mass-to-charge ratio
62
SN1 vs Sn2 sterochem
SN2= inversion of stereochemistry and 1 step SN1= 2 steps and racemic mixture
63
acids + o chem reactions
- catalyze reactions by donating protons to a reactant - protonation enhances electrophiles and increases stability of leaving groups - acids decrease nucleophilicity of molecules
64
pentose phosphate pathway (in cytosol)
produces ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH (made by reduction of NADP+) which serves as an electron donor
65
stabilization of secondary protein structures
hydrogen bonding between amino groups and nonadjacent carboxyl groups
66
transmembrane alpha helices
enriched in amino acids with hydrophobic side chains
67
affinity chromatography
affinity chromatography purifies proteins based on specific protein-ligand interactions. Look for most similar compound to what you are trying to elute
68
positive cooperativity
S-shaped sigmoidal curve. Means one ligand binding influences the binding of subsequent ligands by making it easier for them
69
krebs cycle location + purpose
inner mitochondrial matrix main purpose is to oxidize carbons in intermediates to CO2 and generate high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and GTP.
70
peptide hydrolysis
proteases used to cleave C-N bond in peptide linkage cannot cleave disulfide bonds
71
citric acid cycle connection to ETC
CAC oxidizes acetyl-coA to produce NADH and FADH2, which then feeds into ETC
72
ETC 4 enzymes
Complex I- NADH Dehydrogenase Complex II- Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex III- Cytochrome Reductase Complex IV- Cytochrome Oxidase
73
anaerobic metabolism
pyruvate reduced to lactic acid while also regenerating NAD+ to allow for continued partial oxidation of additional glucose
74
apoptosis in mitochondria
oxidative stress in mitochondria may lead to release of cytochrome c cytochrome c release = apoptosis
75
BCAAs
branched alkyl side chains leucine (leu, l) isoleucine (ile, i) valine (val, v)
76
glycogenesis enzymes
glycogen synthase and debranching enzyme
77
glycogenolysis enzymes
Glycogen Phosphorylase, and Debranching Enzyme
78
electron transport chain
proton concentration gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane, which drives phosphorylation of ADP initiates transfer of electrons through energetically favorable redox reactions that end with O2 as final electron acceptor. excess energy can pump protons from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space which establishes charge and proton concentration gradient
79

AMCAT (8 decks)

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