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Endocrine Organs/Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus regulates what

A

autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

hypothalamus releasing hormones

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone
TRH: thyrotropin releasing hormone
CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone

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3
Q

hypothalamus non releasing hormones

A

PIF/Dopamine
ADH
Oxytocin

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4
Q

PIF/Dopamine

A

a catecholamine
related to rewards
decreases prolactin (lactation)

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5
Q

ADH
Oxytocin
produced vs released

A

both produced in hypothalamus but released by posterior pituitary

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6
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic peptide hormone. Causes kidneys to reabsorb water which can result in concentrated urine and reduced urine volume. Decreases water output related to urine vasoconstriction. Related to collecting duct

increase blood pressure

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7
Q

Oxytocin

A

peptide hormone which increases uterine contractions during childbirth and released in response to cervix stretching. Increases milk production and bonding behaviors.

positive feedback

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8
Q

GnRH

A

stimulates release of FSH and LH

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9
Q

GHRH

A

release of GH

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10
Q

TRH

A

release of TSH

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11
Q

CRH

A

stimulates pituitary synthesis of ACTH

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12
Q

anterior pituitary hormones FLAT PEG

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth Hormone

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13
Q

FSH

A

follicule stimulating hormone (gonadotropin)
males: promotes spermatogenesis
females: stimulates growth of ovarian follicles

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14
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone (gonadotropin) induces ovulation in females
testosterone in males

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15
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

synthesizes/releases glucocorticoids (cortisol) steroid hormone from adrenal cortex

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16
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormones

stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine which stimulates metabolism

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17
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production

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18
Q

Endorphins

A

decrease pain

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19
Q

growth hormone

A

somatotropin

stimulates growth + cell reproduction (glucose) in bone/muscle

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20
Q

Pancreas

A

large gland behind stomach thats secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum.

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

21
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

embedded in pancreas and secrete insulin and glucagon into blood

22
Q

insulin

A

peptide hormone secreted by beta islet cells. Help glucose enter cells. Increase in glucose triggers insulin secretion and they try to lower glucose levels

23
Q

glucagon

A

peptide hormone secreted by alpha beta cells when glucose low. Increases glucose levels by helping glucose enter blood stream

24
Q

Somatostatin

A

growth hormone inhibiting hormone
delta islet cells
inhibit GH and decrease insulin + glucagon levels

25
what neurotransmitter inhibits insulin
norepinephrine
26
Gonads + hormones
a gland that produces gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones. In males, the gonads are testicles and in females, are ovaries. testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
27
testosterone
steroid hormone produced by testes in men for women in ovaries. small amount also produced by adrenal cortex primary sex hormone + anabolic steroid in men
28
estrogen
made in ovaries. primary female sex hormone and leads to development of secondary sexual characteristics. Regulates menstrual cycle and decreases milk production steroid hormone
29
progesterone
produced by ovaries. prepares endometrium for potential pregnancy following ovulation. decreases milk production
30
pineal gland
melatonin: regulates sleep/wakefulness and controls circadian rhythm
31
adrenal cortex hormones
mediates stress reponse glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, androgens
32
glucocorticoids
cortisol/cortisone released during stress increases glucose in blood through gluconeogenesis decreases immune system so decreases inflammation and allergic response decreases protein synthesis
33
mineralcorticoids
aldosterone causes increase of sodium in blood which increases blood pressure. decreases potassium in blood increases water in blood due to osmosis Regulated by potassium and and angiotensin II which is derived from angiotensin I
34
androgens
converted to testosterone and estrogen in gonads
35
thyroid gland hormones
regulate metabolism and calcium homeostasis T4 T3 calcitonin
36
T4 & T3
T4: thyroxine T5: triiodothyronine T4 precursor to T3 regulates metabolism and created from iodine and tyrosine
37
calcitonin
builds bone and made by parafollicular cells increases calcium in bone increases calcium excretion from kidneys decreases calcium in blood decreases calcium absorption in gut
38
parathyroid glands
maintain the body's calcium and potassium levels so that nervous system functions properly PTH
39
PTH
parathyroid hormone decreases calcium in bone decreases calcium excretion from kidneys increases calcium in blood increases calcium absorption in gut activates vitamin D (calcitriol)
40
adrenal medulla converts what
converts tyrosine to catecholamines
41
adrenal medulla hormones
epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine
42
epinephrine
increase heart rate and bp primarily a hormone but also an anti histamine
43
norepinephrine
increase heart rate and bp hormone + neurotransmitter inhibits insulin
44
direct hormone
acts directly on target tissues and organs ex: insulin
45
tropic hormone
require an intermediary affect other endocrine tissues ex: GnRH and LH
46
peptide hormones
Golgi modifies and activates hormone and release via exocytosis Polar so uses GPCR Common 2nd messengers: cAMP, Ca, IP3
47
steroid hormones
made from cholestrol non polar and carried by proteins activate nuclear receptors direct action on DNA
48
amino acid derivative hormones
tyrosine derivates EX: catecholamines use GPCR like proteins, thyroxine bind intracellularly like steroids

AMCAT (8 decks)

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