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AMCAT > Endocrine Organs/Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine Organs/Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus regulates what

A

autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

hypothalamus releasing hormones

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone
TRH: thyrotropin releasing hormone
CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone

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3
Q

hypothalamus non releasing hormones

A

PIF/Dopamine
ADH
Oxytocin

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4
Q

PIF/Dopamine

A

a catecholamine
related to rewards
decreases prolactin (lactation)

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5
Q

ADH
Oxytocin
produced vs released

A

both produced in hypothalamus but released by posterior pituitary

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6
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic peptide hormone. Causes kidneys to reabsorb water which can result in concentrated urine and reduced urine volume. Decreases water output related to urine vasoconstriction. Related to collecting duct

increase blood pressure

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7
Q

Oxytocin

A

peptide hormone which increases uterine contractions during childbirth and released in response to cervix stretching. Increases milk production and bonding behaviors.

positive feedback

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8
Q

GnRH

A

stimulates release of FSH and LH

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9
Q

GHRH

A

release of GH

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10
Q

TRH

A

release of TSH

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11
Q

CRH

A

stimulates pituitary synthesis of ACTH

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12
Q

anterior pituitary hormones FLAT PEG

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth Hormone

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13
Q

FSH

A

follicule stimulating hormone (gonadotropin)
males: promotes spermatogenesis
females: stimulates growth of ovarian follicles

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14
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone (gonadotropin) induces ovulation in females
testosterone in males

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15
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

synthesizes/releases glucocorticoids (cortisol) steroid hormone from adrenal cortex

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16
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormones

stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine which stimulates metabolism

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17
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production

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18
Q

Endorphins

A

decrease pain

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19
Q

growth hormone

A

somatotropin

stimulates growth + cell reproduction (glucose) in bone/muscle

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20
Q

Pancreas

A

large gland behind stomach thats secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum.

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

21
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

embedded in pancreas and secrete insulin and glucagon into blood

22
Q

insulin

A

peptide hormone secreted by beta islet cells. Help glucose enter cells. Increase in glucose triggers insulin secretion and they try to lower glucose levels

23
Q

glucagon

A

peptide hormone secreted by alpha beta cells when glucose low. Increases glucose levels by helping glucose enter blood stream

24
Q

Somatostatin

A

growth hormone inhibiting hormone
delta islet cells
inhibit GH and decrease insulin + glucagon levels

25
Q

what neurotransmitter inhibits insulin

A

norepinephrine

26
Q

Gonads + hormones

A

a gland that produces gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones. In males, the gonads are testicles and in females, are ovaries.

testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

27
Q

testosterone

A

steroid hormone produced by testes in men for women in ovaries. small amount also produced by adrenal cortex

primary sex hormone + anabolic steroid in men

28
Q

estrogen

A

made in ovaries. primary female sex hormone and leads to development of secondary sexual characteristics. Regulates menstrual cycle and decreases milk production

steroid hormone

29
Q

progesterone

A

produced by ovaries. prepares endometrium for potential pregnancy following ovulation.

decreases milk production

30
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin: regulates sleep/wakefulness and controls circadian rhythm

31
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

mediates stress reponse

glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, androgens

32
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol/cortisone released during stress

increases glucose in blood through gluconeogenesis
decreases immune system so decreases inflammation and allergic response
decreases protein synthesis

33
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

aldosterone
causes increase of sodium in blood which increases blood pressure.
decreases potassium in blood
increases water in blood due to osmosis
Regulated by potassium and and angiotensin II which is derived from angiotensin I

34
Q

androgens

A

converted to testosterone and estrogen in gonads

35
Q

thyroid gland hormones

A

regulate metabolism and calcium homeostasis

T4 T3
calcitonin

36
Q

T4 & T3

A

T4: thyroxine
T5: triiodothyronine

T4 precursor to T3
regulates metabolism and created from iodine and tyrosine

37
Q

calcitonin

A

builds bone and made by parafollicular cells
increases calcium in bone
increases calcium excretion from kidneys
decreases calcium in blood
decreases calcium absorption in gut

38
Q

parathyroid glands

A

maintain the body’s calcium and potassium levels so that nervous system functions properly
PTH

39
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone
decreases calcium in bone
decreases calcium excretion from kidneys
increases calcium in blood
increases calcium absorption in gut
activates vitamin D (calcitriol)

40
Q

adrenal medulla converts what

A

converts tyrosine to catecholamines

41
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

42
Q

epinephrine

A

increase heart rate and bp
primarily a hormone but also an anti histamine

43
Q

norepinephrine

A

increase heart rate and bp
hormone + neurotransmitter
inhibits insulin

44
Q

direct hormone

A

acts directly on target tissues and organs
ex: insulin

45
Q

tropic hormone

A

require an intermediary
affect other endocrine tissues
ex: GnRH and LH

46
Q

peptide hormones

A

Golgi modifies and activates hormone and release via exocytosis
Polar so uses GPCR
Common 2nd messengers: cAMP, Ca, IP3

47
Q

steroid hormones

A

made from cholestrol

non polar and carried by proteins
activate nuclear receptors
direct action on DNA

48
Q

amino acid derivative hormones

A

tyrosine derivates
EX: catecholamines use GPCR like proteins, thyroxine bind intracellularly like steroids

AMCAT (8 decks)

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