MCAT questions from practice test Flashcards
Describe if the conversion of GTP to GDP is an activation or inactivation?
the conversion from GTP to GDT is an inactivation reaction
what are the four main biological molecules?
- nucleotides
- AA
- Lipids
- Carbs
Transferase:
enzymes that can enact the transfer of a specific functional group from one molecule to the next donor to acceptor
Kinase
enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a molecule
phosphatase
an enzyme that removes a phosephate group from molecule or protein
Isomerase
class of enzyme that convert molecules from one isomer to another
what is retorograde transport?
NOT IN STUDY GUIDE
this occurs in the axon is a transport of materials from the axon to the cell body
describe the importance of protein translation in the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgie?
Protein translation occurs in the endoplasmic recticulum then flows to the golgie for post translational modifcations
what would happen mouse antibodies were injected into a human?
the human immune system would recognize the mouse antibodies as foreign and generate an immune response reducing effectiveness for treatment if used in that setting
if a cell undergoes a mutation but it can still preform its original function why might that be?
it is possible that the mutation is a silent mutation due to the repeating nature of the codons and the wobble position theory not effect the protein in any way
what proves correlation for an ailment or disease?
if you add or introduce the protein and the symptoms for the pt increase such as injecting factor VIII for hemophilia
the removal of introns and exons is taking taking what and Turing it into?
producing mRNA from DNA
do prokaryotes require DNA modifications?
Prokaryotes do not require modifications if introns and exons because they only have exons
what modifications are require for Euk DNA
Euk DNA has introns that need to be sliced out they have histonse that can effect the DNA.
When will Le Chatliers principle favor the creation of products?
when the concentration of products is kept low
what is cytochrome C?
this is an essential component in ETC where one electron is carried and capable of under going oxidation and reduction but does not bind to oxygen
Ferrous form
is the reduced state of iron Fe 2+
Ferric form
is the oxidized state of Iron 3+
when looking at a DNA strip how will you know it a seq is a primer?
Primers have high GC contents and will have CG base pairs at the 5’ and 3’ end
what is Non-dysjunctional?
this is a failure for one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes to to separate resulting in abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the gametes only occuring in Meosis in anaphase 1
an incorrect AA can do what to protein folding?
they can increase protein misfolding
what happens when insulin is released?
Insulin stimulates cellular uptake from glucose that would result in lower blood sugar
what is Proinsulin?
proinsulin is a response to glucose and promotes the response to create active insulin from proinsulin
What is important about the average metabolic rate?
it will enable one to determine how long the stored energy reserve will last
> lower MB rates and longer energy reserves suited for long lasting energy and long term nutrient deprivation
do humans have low or high metabolic rate?
humans have high metabolic rate which is why then need to eat
what happens in anaerobic respiration?
when the oxygen levels are too low, this will create small amounts of ATP through alcoholic fermentation converting glucose into ATP and ethanol and Lactic acid fermentation
what happens in aerobic respiration?
this is when plenty of oxygen is present in the environment the ETC will produce around 26 ATP
where is GAPDH located?
GAPDH is a gene that can be turned on and accessible to transcription factors in only Eur chromatin is loose enough
Actin in a microfilament what is it roles?
cytoskeleton of eukaryotes are made of filamentous proteins and provides mechanical support to cell actin are the smallest protein that make up the cytoskeleton
what are the three components of the eukaryotes cytoskeleton?
- Microtubules
- Actin filaments
- intermediate filaments
when a parasite infect the RBC what will happen?
the RBC will be stuck to the blood vessel and cause a blockage
what happens to people with color blindness?
the visual pigments absorb light and fewer signals of weaker pigments and fewer signals will be going to the brain
describe the difference between an antagonist and agonist when it comes to enzymes?
an Antagonist is going to act the opposite of the enzyme and inhibit it. An agonist is going to activate the enzyme or help it.
if you wanted to know the number of stereoisomers in a compound how would you do that?
2^n rule
what happens when you exceed the solubility rule?
you can no longer dissolve any product and solute piles form.
describe why electrical field lines in an axon would travel from the extracellular space to the internal axonal space?
field lines are going to exit positive and enter negative. if the intracellular is negative and extracellular is neutral.
what is the function of the myelin sheaths?
it functions in insulating the axon from its surrounding and from the extracellular fluid.
how do you find the Ph of a system with a given concentration?
-log (Concentration) for the ph. if your given the ph and want the concentration 10^-pH