MCAT Psychology and Sociology Flashcards
1
Q
What are effects do opiates have on withdrawl symptoms?
A
Understanding that opiates decrease withdrawl symptoms
2
Q
What does operationalization mean in the context of designing an experiment?
A
Operationalization is the process of making a variable measurable.
3
Q
What are some possible purposes of a positive control group?
A
Positive control groups can provide a basis for comparing outcomes of an experimental treatment and validate the experimental procedure by ruling out that any negative results were the result of technical errors.
4
Q
What is a case-control study?
A
A case-control study, is a study in which people with an outcome of interest (cases) are compared to those without that outcome (controls).
5
Q
What are some prerequisites that are needed in order to gain a study approval?
A
-Ensure a favorable risk/benefit ratio, have informed consent, show respect to participating parties, have scientific validity.
6
Q
What type of study does publication bias effect the most?
A
Publication bias effects all studies, regardless of the design.
7
Q
Describe a single blinded study.
A
A single blided study is when the observer is blinded, but the participant is not.
8
Q
Describe a retrospective study.
A
A study that looks back to analyze previously compiled medical records, “backward-looking” design.
9
Q
What is construct validity?
A
This refers to the degree of which items measure what the researchers intended for them to measure.
10
Q
What type of study is considered to be the source for the strongest scientific evidence?
A
The meta-analyses, because they can synthesize results from multiple randomized controlled trials.
11
Q
What functions would be affected if damage was to be sustianed to the midbrian?
A
Visual and auditory processing. The midbrain contains the superior and inferior colliculi. The superior colliculus is involved in visual processing, while the inferior colliculus is involved in the auditory relay.
12
Q
What is the name of the reflex that occurs in infants in response to a suddent noise in which a abby extends their arms and legs, pulls them back in, throws back their head and cries?
A
The Moro reflex
13
Q
What effect does an inhibitory neurotransmitter have on other neurons?
A
Hyperpolarization
14
Q
Proprioreceptors detect what?
A
Proprioceptors are responsible for detecting the position of the body in three dimensions.
15
Q
What is a moderating variable?
A
It modifies the strenght of a pre-existing relationship
16
Q
What is the function of the semi-circular canals?
A
The semicircular canals are filled with endolymph, and the movement of this fluid against hair cells detects angular acceleration. Pouring cold water into one ear will generate opposite convective currents, leading to reduced ability to interpret angular acceleration, which is initiated when turning the head.
17
Q
What is “feature detection”?
A
Feature detection is a phenomenon in which external visual stimuli are filtered and processed by relevance. The stimulus is detected first depends largely on the context of the situation.
18
Q
What is physiological zero?
A
Physiological zero is the temperature that we perceive as neither hot nor col It roughly corresponds to the temperature of the skin at our peripheries, which is 29°C-32°C or 85°F-90°F – that is, slightly cooler than core body temperature.
19
Q
What are magnocellular cells?
A
Magnocellular cells have low spatial resolution but high temporal resolution, allowing them to form a basis for our detection of objects in motion.
20
Q
What is top-down processing?
A
Top-down processing is driven by previous experiences. It is used to recognize something familiar without needing to look at it in detail.
21
Q
What is proprioception?
A
Proprioception is our sense of where our own body parts are in space.
22
Q
What is top-down processing?
A
Top-down processing refers to perception that is driven by cognition. Your brain applies what it knows and what it expects to perceive and fills in the blanks, so to speak.
23
Q
What is psychophysics?
A
Psychophysics is the scientific study of the relationship between stimuli (quantified in physical terms) and the sensations and perceptions evoked by these stimuli.
24
Q
During what stage of sleep does a person experience cataplexy, or the partial of total loss of muscle control?
A
REM sleep is characterized by paralysis, swift eye movements, and dreaming. Patients with narcolepsy enter directly into REM sleep.
25
Sleep spindles are seen on an EEG reading in a person who is in what stage of sleep?
Sleep spindles, or high-frequency oscillations, would be found on the EEG of a patient in stage 2 sleep.
26
Drug addiction is reinforced by _________(hormone/neurotransmitter) release in the mesolimbic pathway, which includes the nucleus accumbens.
Dopamine
27
What class of chemical/substances are most likely to cause short-term memory loss?
Depressants, which includes opiates, alcohol, barbituates, and benziodiazpines
28
What term is used to describe that unattended-to information is attenuated, or reduced in intensity. But, it is not discarded entirely. For example, when infomation like out name appearing in a background conversation, might jump out to us from our current conversation.
This is called Treisman's attenuation model. When you overhear your name in a background conversation, this is called the cocktail party effect.
29
What are dyssomnias? Give three examples.
Dyssomnias are sleep-wake disorders. Ex: insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea.
30
What are Gardner's 7 intelligences?
1. Musical intelligence 2. Bodily-kinesthetic 3. Interpersonal 4. Intrapersonal 5. Visual-spatial 6. Logical-mathematical 7. Linguistic intelligence.
31
What is the theory developed by Noam Chomsky, which states that language is innate to all human beings?
The Nativist Theory
32
Wernicke’s area, which is located in the temporal lobe, is responsible for what?
Wernicke's area is responsible for language comprehension
33
In Noam Chomsky's Nativist Theory, what does the term language acquisition device mean?
The term is used in theory’s explanation for the fact that nearly all typical humans learn language at a young age
34
What is the gestalt principle?
It is the concept that the human mind sees patterns in incomplete representations of objects or concepts and is able to deduct the nature of the whole from these patterns
35
What is amodal perception?
Amodal perception refers to humans tending to view objects that are partly occluded as whole objects,
36
If someone had severe damage to their left parietal lobe, what impact would this have on their cognitive abilities?
Someone with left parietal lobe damage would have difficulty recreating details, such as exact lines of overlap or intersection in a drawing.
37
What is reification?
Reification is when we percieve more information that is actually there, our brain fills in the blanks of an image.
38
What is are more sensitive in low light, rods or cones?
In low light, rods are more sensitive. This leads to images being percieved as more washed out.
39
What is theory is described by the following: argues that humans are pre-programmed with the innate ability to develop language, utilizing what is known as the language acquisition device in their brain?
The innatist or also known as the nativist theory.
40
What emotion response theory postulates that emotional state and physiological response develope independently of eachother?
These findings suggest that subjective emotional state and physiological response to a stimulus develop independently of one another. This is consistent with the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
41
```
Which of the following hormones would most likely NOT be present in elevated concentrations in the serum of chronically stressed animals?
A. Cortisol
B. Epinephrine
C. Growth hormone
D. Glucagon
```
C is correct. Stress induces the release of corticosteroids and catecholamines. Stress also induces the release of glucagon, which facilitates the elevation of blood glucose to provide readily available energy. Secretion of growth hormone is not a component of the stress response. In fact, chronically stressed children exhibit reduced growth hormone secretion and smaller stature.
42
What is negative reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement occurs when an unpleasant or aversive stimulus is removed if the subject performs the desired behavior. Example: the electrified floor is deactivated if the mouse pulls the lever.
43
What is operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning involves the pairing of reinforcement with a learned behavior. Example, the reinforcement is praise and the behavior is speaking.
44
What is opponent-process theory?
The opponent-process theory of motivation states that at least some processes (actions) promote opposite physiological responses. For example, a drug user may consume a stimulant, which speeds up his heart rate and keeps him awake. In response, his body will attempt to slow down his heart rate and promote sedative processes.
45
In Erikson's stages of development, what stage (or age range) is associated with the conflict of initiative vs. guilt?
Age range 3 to 6, with a central question of: Is it acceptatble for me to take initiative? Resolution: Purpose
46
The Freudian defense mechanism of displacement involves what?
In Freudian psychology, displacement refers to taking stress out on someone else.
47
What disease is the result of inadequate production of CNS dopamine? Some symptoms of the disease are: bradykinesia, tremors, and unsteady gait.
Parkinson’s disease is a movement disorder resulting from inadequate production of CNS dopamine, resulting in bradykinesia, tremors, and an unsteady gait. This disease is caused by the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra.
48
What cognitive disease involves the abnormal activation of dopaminergic pathways?
Schizophrenia is thought to involve the abnormal activation of dopaminergic pathways. Newer antipsychotic medications have largely replaced chlorpromazine, but many of them still function as inhibitors of dopaminergic activity. Some antipsychotics have the side effect of causing Parkinsonian movements by antagonizing dopaminergic pathways.
49
Is bipolar disorder considered a mood disorder or a personality disorder?
Bipolar disorder is considered a mood disorder, rather than a personality disorder.
50
What type of psychological disorder is characterized by physical symptoms that cause significant stress to a patient, but have no clear physical cause?
These are called somatic disorders
51
What is described as immutable convictions held by people despite clear evidence that disproves these convictions?
These are delusions. Religious or cultural beliefs are an exception to this definition and are not considered delusions. Example fo delusion: a person believes his thoughts are being read and his mind controlled.
52
Participants in a study were queried a month later about some of the names they were tested on. This type of recall from memory primarily involves what part of the brain?
The area of the brain primarliry assocaited with memory retrieval and encoding is the hippocampus
53
What is the term used to describe the brain's ability to form multiple synaptic connections about some information?
This refers to neuroplasticity.
54
A person tends to prefer a dispositional atribution for one's good outcomes, but a situational attribution for poor outcomes, this describes what social psychological term?
The self-serving bias
55
What are the different kinds of motivations that are postited by the instinct theory of motivation?
The instinct theory of motivation views biological programming as the cause of motivation. The following are the differing types of motivation: unlearned, uniform in expression, universal in the species, unmodifiable, irresistible, automatic, and do not require training.
56
What does the term valence mean in terms of psychology?
Valence refers to the value that a person sets on the reinforcements or rewards. These values are usually based on an individual's values, needs, goals, and intrinsic or extrinsic sources of motivation.
57
What type of study design is conducted when past records are examined?
Retrospective study design
58
What type of variable explains the relationship between two other variables?
Mediating variable. Example: Consider the relation between social status and frequency of testicular self-exams. Education might be a mediator variable in that it explains why there is a relation between self-exam and social status. This would mean when we remove the effect of education, the relation between the two variables disappears.
59
Opoids which mimic the efect of endorphins inhibit pain. Where are these hormones produced?
Endorphins are produced in the anterior pituitary gland. (LH, FSH, and GH are all produced here as well)
60
A drive-reduction and cognitive theorist suggest that depression stems from a reduction of what ?
A deficiency in arousal can cause depression and lead to a decline in sustaining behaviors
61
Abnormal functioning of which brain region(s) plays a role in the development of depression?
I. Frontal lobe
II. Limbic system structures
III. Hypothalamus
All three could produce symptoms similar to depression.
62
What is the difference between incidence and prevelance?
Incidence descrinbes the number of new cases of a disease. Prevelance rates note how common a disease may be.
63
What does the term attrition bias refer to?
Attrition bias occurs when participants drop out of a long term experiment or study.
64
What is eustress?
Eustress is a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging, but motivating.
65
What is group polarization?
Group polarization refers to the tendency to adopt extreme views when in a group
66
What are the three core components of emotion?
1. Physiological arousal - your body reacting to emotions 2. Expressive display - you expressing emotion 3. Subjective experiences - you interpreting your emotions
67
What does the Schachter-Singer theory state?
The Schachter-Singer theory states that emotion processing has 3 distinct steps: 1. Physiological arousal 2. Cognitive interpretation 3. Experience of the emotion
68
What is the difference between vriable-ratio and variable-interval reinforcement schedules?
Variable-ratio: behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictible, number of responses. (Ex: Casinos) Variable-interval: behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictible, amount of time has passed.
69
What is the Stroop Effect?
The Stroop effect describes why it is harder to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile pieces of information.
70
What is criterion validity?
Criterion validity refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome.
71
What is conflict theory?
Conflict theory refers to conflcit within a social class.
72
What is symbolic interactionism?
Symbolic interactionism is the view that an individual's experience influences his or her perceptions.
73
What is ethocentrism?
Ethocentrism is the tendency to view one's group and it's cultural expectations and norms as right, proper, and superior to others.
74
What is negative reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement is reinforcing behavior by removing a negative stimulus, like chores.
75
What is compliance?
Compliance is superficial, a public change in behavior in response to group pressure.
76
What is cognitive dissonance theory?
Cognitive dissonance theory states that people desire consistencey in their life and seeks to explain the justifications used for actions that do not align with their values and evoke cognitive dissonance.
77
What is double approach-avoidant conflict?
Double approach-avoidant conflict consists of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics. Ex: Jury dilemma could be punishing a criminal (approach) or punishing an innocent (avoidant).
78
Participants in a study were queried a month later about some of the names they were tested on. This type of recall from memory primarily involves what part of the brain?
The area of the brain primarliry assocaited with memory retrieval and encoding is the hippocampus
79
What is the term used to describe the brain's ability to form multiple synaptic connections about some information?
This refers to neuroplasticity.
80
A person tends to prefer a dispositional atribution for one's good outcomes, but a situational attribution for poor outcomes, this describes what social psychological term?
The self-serving bias
81
What are the different kinds of motivations that are postited by the instinct theory of motivation?
The instinct theory of motivation views biological programming as the cause of motivation. The following are the differing types of motivation: unlearned, uniform in expression, universal in the species, unmodifiable, irresistible, automatic, and do not require training.
82
What does the term valence mean in terms of psychology?
Valence refers to the value that a person sets on the reinforcements or rewards. These values are usually based on an individual's values, needs, goals, and intrinsic or extrinsic sources of motivation.
83
What type of study design is conducted when past records are examined?
Retrospective study design
84
What type of variable explains the relationship between two other variables?
Mediating variable. Example: Consider the relation between social status and frequency of testicular self-exams. Education might be a mediator variable in that it explains why there is a relation between self-exam and social status. This would mean when we remove the effect of education, the relation between the two variables disappears.
85
Opoids which mimic the efect of endorphins inhibit pain. Where are these hormones produced?
Endorphins are produced in the anterior pituitary gland. (LH, FSH, and GH are all produced here as well)
86
A drive-reduction and cognitive theorist suggest that depression stems from a reduction of what ?
A deficiency in arousal can cause depression and lead to a decline in sustaining behaviors
87
Abnormal functioning of which brain region(s) plays a role in the development of depression?
I. Frontal lobe
II. Limbic system structures
III. Hypothalamus
All three could produce symptoms similar to depression.
88
What is the difference between incidence and prevelance?
Incidence descrinbes the number of new cases of a disease. Prevelance rates note how common a disease may be.
89
What does the term attrition bias refer to?
Attrition bias occurs when participants drop out of a long term experiment or study.
90
What is eustress?
Eustress is a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging, but motivating.
91
What is group polarization?
Group polarization refers to the tendency to adopt extreme views when in a group
92
What are the three core components of emotion?
1. Physiological arousal - your body reacting to emotions 2. Expressive display - you expressing emotion 3. Subjective experiences - you interpreting your emotions
93
What does the Schachter-Singer theory state?
The Schachter-Singer theory states that emotion processing has 3 distinct steps: 1. Physiological arousal 2. Cognitive interpretation 3. Experience of the emotion
94
What is the difference between vriable-ratio and variable-interval reinforcement schedules?
Variable-ratio: behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictible, number of responses. (Ex: Casinos) Variable-interval: behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictible, amount of time has passed.
95
What is the Stroop Effect?
The Stroop effect describes why it is harder to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile pieces of information.
96
What is criterion validity?
Criterion validity refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome.
97
What is conflict theory?
Conflict theory refers to conflcit within a social class.
98
What is symbolic interactionism?
Symbolic interactionism is the view that an individual's experience influences his or her perceptions.
99
What is ethocentrism?
Ethocentrism is the tendency to view one's group and it's cultural expectations and norms as right, proper, and superior to others.
100
What is negative reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement is reinforcing behavior by removing a negative stimulus, like chores.
101
What is compliance?
Compliance is superficial, a public change in behavior in response to group pressure.
102
What is cognitive dissonance theory?
Cognitive dissonance theory states that people desire consistencey in their life and seeks to explain the justifications used for actions that do not align with their values and evoke cognitive dissonance.
103
What is double approach-avoidant conflict?
Double approach-avoidant conflict consists of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics. Ex: Jury dilemma could be punishing a criminal (approach) or punishing an innocent (avoidant).
104
What would a small Ki value indicate about the affinity for a substance?
The smaller the Ki, the greater the binding affinity and smaller amount of medication needed IOT inhibit activity.
105
A lack of remorse, empathy, and regard for others are the definitional features of what personality disorder?
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
106
What stage in Kohlberg's moral development model is described by: in this stage an individual is motivated to comply with social order solely by a punishment for not comlplying.
The obedience and punishment stage of Kohlberg's moral development model.
107
What term is used to describe the idea that dominates the consciousness of exploited groups and classes which, at the same time justifies and continues their exploitation?
Fals consciousness. Ex: workers in an electronics factory are told by their manages to work harder for low wages with the hopes that they will get promoted. Their managers are then seen as allies and not the opposition that exploits them.
108
What does Schachter-Singer theory state?
Event -> Arousal -> Reasoning -> Emotion
109
What is the difference between moderating and mediating variables?
A moderating variable influences the strength of the relationship between IV and DV. A mediating variable is used to explain the relationship between IV and DV.
110
What does it mean if there is a spatial inequality between two areas of a city?
Spatial inequality refers to the uneven distribution of resources between particular areas. (Ex. one area may have more accessibility to stores, clean water, medical facilities)
111
What does the Massey and Denton concentration index denote?
The Massy and Denton concentraion index denotes the proportion of physical space that a minority group occupies in a city.
112
What is a caste system?
A caste system is a closed social system. It values ascribed status (features or qualities born into) vs achieved status (status earned).
113
What does the term emigrate describe?
To emigrate is the act of leaving a familiar country.
114
What does a mediating variable describe?
A mediating variable explains the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
115
What is a confounding variable?
Confounding variables can be thought of as factors that stem from the failure to properly control an experiment. (A researcher always strives to decrease these variables)
116
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, at what age range and what stage are conservation tasks mastered?
Conservation tasks are mastered during the concrete operations stage, which goes from 7 - 11 or 12.
117
Interoceptive awareness is regulated by what system?
Interoceptive awareness is described as increased sensativity to internal bodily sensations (heartbeat and blood pressure), which are regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
118
What theory states the following: optimal performance requires optimal arousal and that arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance.
The optimal arousal theory
119
What would a high measurement of electrical conductivity of the skin be used to indacate?
A high level of electrical conductivity of the skin is a physiological indication of increased sympathetic arousal, associated with anxiety.
120
What does Selye's general adapation syndrome state about peoples responses to stressors?
Selye's general adaptation syndrome staes that people's responses to various stressors is similar.
121
Damage to what structure in the nervous system would cause problems in a person's ability to persom synchronous behaviors?
Damage to the cerebellum, which is most likely to be involved in the execution of coordianted motor tasks.
122
If given the median value for a set of numbers, what information does this provide?
The median splits the sample distribution of values in half. Half the sample is higher and half the sample is lower.
123
What is gentrification?
Gentrification is the reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, which results from the influx of more affluent groups.
124
What is group-polarization?
This refers to the fact that people's attitudes toward some attitude / object become more extreme after interacting with like-minded individuals.
125
How would you describe some that is a "valid measure"?
A valid measure is something that actually measures what it is intended to assess.
126
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, who would likely deal with the challenges of generativity versus stagnation?
In Erikson’s theory, the generativity versus self-absorption crisis occurs in mid-adulthood. Thus, the "adults" experience this stage.
127
What is the capacity of working memory?
Research with adults led to the belief that the capacity of working memory was between 5 and 9 items. The so-called “magic number 7 ± 2” was the name George Miller gave to this estimate.
128
What is role strain?
Role strain is the tension that results from competing demands within the context of a single role.
129
What is role conflict?
Role conflict is the tension between different roles that a single individual may hold.
130
What is more stable socially, a dyad or a triad?
The triad (3 person group) is more stable than the dyad (2 person group) because there are additional social ties.
131
What is a mixed methods study?
The bringing together of quantitative methods and qualitative methods is referred to as mixed methods in sociology.
132
What is conflict theory?
Conflict theory emphasizes the competition between groups over the allocation of societal resources. It assumes that power and authority are unequally distributed across society and that groups try to maintain their advantages.
133
What is proactive interference?
Proactive interference involves the interference of information from long term memory with new information.
134
What is social stratification?
The objective hierarchy in a society, and often more specifically addresses the class-based hierarchy.
135
What is social reproduction?
This refers to the perpetuation of inequality through social institutions.
136
What term describes: learning without an explicit change in behavior?
Latent learning describes process.
137
What does Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral development describe?
In this stage, morality is determined by what punished or rewarded.
138
What is a periphery nation?
Periphery nations are described as less economically developed with weak governments and institutions.
139
According to Mead, what do the "I" and the "Me" mean in terms of our unified self ?
The "I" is the spontaneous and autonomous part of the self, and the "Me" is the part of the self that is formed in interaction with others and with the general social environment.
140
What type of response is described: a response to an event that is naturally fear-arousing.
This describes an unconditioned response.
141
What type of memory will be engaged when being presented with target words while repeating a sentence ?
The phonological loop of working memory will be engaged.
142
What is ethocentrism?
Ethocentrism is the tendency to look at other cultures through one's own culture. Bias and prejudice can be related to this term.
143
Using one's social networks for gain is an example of what?
This is an example of social capital .
144
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, at what age range and what stage are conservation tasks mastered?
Conservation tasks are mastered during the concrete operations stage, which goes from 7 - 11 or 12.
145
Interoceptive awareness is regulated by what system?
Interoceptive awareness is described as increased sensativity to internal bodily sensations (heartbeat and blood pressure), which are regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
146
What theory states the following: optimal performance requires optimal arousal and that arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance.
The optimal arousal theory
147
What would a high measurement of electrical conductivity of the skin be used to indacate?
A high level of electrical conductivity of the skin is a physiological indication of increased sympathetic arousal, associated with anxiety.
148
What does Selye's general adapation syndrome state about peoples responses to stressors?
Selye's general adaptation syndrome staes that people's responses to various stressors is similar.
149
Damage to what structure in the nervous system would cause problems in a person's ability to persom synchronous behaviors?
Damage to the cerebellum, which is most likely to be involved in the execution of coordianted motor tasks.
150
If given the median value for a set of numbers, what information does this provide?
The median splits the sample distribution of values in half. Half the sample is higher and half the sample is lower.
151
What is gentrification?
Gentrification is the reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, which results from the influx of more affluent groups.
152
What is group-polarization?
This refers to the fact that people's attitudes toward some attitude / object become more extreme after interacting with like-minded individuals.
153
How would you describe some that is a "valid measure"?
A valid measure is something that actually measures what it is intended to assess.
154
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, who would likely deal with the challenges of generativity versus stagnation?
In Erikson’s theory, the generativity versus self-absorption crisis occurs in mid-adulthood. Thus, the "adults" experience this stage.
155
What is the capacity of working memory?
Research with adults led to the belief that the capacity of working memory was between 5 and 9 items. The so-called “magic number 7 ± 2” was the name George Miller gave to this estimate.
156
What is role strain?
Role strain is the tension that results from competing demands within the context of a single role.
157
What is role conflict?
Role conflict is the tension between different roles that a single individual may hold.
158
What is more stable socially, a dyad or a triad?
The triad (3 person group) is more stable than the dyad (2 person group) because there are additional social ties.
159
What is a mixed methods study?
The bringing together of quantitative methods and qualitative methods is referred to as mixed methods in sociology.
160
What is conflict theory?
Conflict theory emphasizes the competition between groups over the allocation of societal resources. It assumes that power and authority are unequally distributed across society and that groups try to maintain their advantages.
161
What is proactive interference?
Proactive interference involves the interference of information from long term memory with new information.
162
What is social stratification?
The objective hierarchy in a society, and often more specifically addresses the class-based hierarchy.
163
What is social reproduction?
This refers to the perpetuation of inequality through social institutions.
164
What term describes: learning without an explicit change in behavior?
Latent learning describes process.
165
What does Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral development describe?
In this stage, morality is determined by what punished or rewarded.
166
What is a periphery nation?
Periphery nations are described as less economically developed with weak governments and institutions.
167
According to Mead, what do the "I" and the "Me" mean in terms of our unified self ?
The "I" is the spontaneous and autonomous part of the self, and the "Me" is the part of the self that is formed in interaction with others and with the general social environment.
168
What type of response is described: a response to an event that is naturally fear-arousing.
This describes an unconditioned response.
169
What type of memory will be engaged when being presented with target words while repeating a sentence ?
The phonological loop of working memory will be engaged.
170
What is ethocentrism?
Ethocentrism is the tendency to look at other cultures through one's own culture. Bias and prejudice can be related to this term.
171
Using one's social networks for gain is an example of what?
This is an example of social capital .
172
What does Cannon-Bard theory state?
Event -> Arousal and Emotion
173
What does James-Lang theory state?
Event -> Arousal -> Interpretation -> Emotion
174
What anatomical structure of the eye is involved in color perception?
The foea is directly involved in color sensation. Its distribution of receptors varies across different species.
175
What are source monitoring errors?
A type of memory error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience.
176
What is a dissociative disorder?
Selectively forgetting distracting elements of his/her life.
177
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The fundamental attribution error refers to stressing the importance of dispositional (i.e., personality) factors in one’s explanations of other people’s behavior and underemphasizing situational factors.
178
If a description identifies beliefs and ideas, what part of the attitude is this ?
Beliefs and ideas are part of the cognitive component.
179
What is social desirability?
Social desirability is the tendency of some respondents to report an answer in a way they deem to be more socially acceptable than would be their "true" answer. It can take the form of over-reporting positive things or under-reporting negative things about themselves.
180
What type of psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence?
Hallucinogens have low risk of dependence.
181
What is social stratification?
Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social and political).
182
What is the result of a dopamine agonist?
A dopamine agonist enhances the functioning of dopamine in the nervous system.
183
What is social loafing?
This refers to the fact that people are more likely to be productive alone than in a group.
184
When does Freud's oral stage occur?
According to Freud, the oral stage occurs from birth to 12–18 months and is characteristic of interest in oral gratification from sucking, eating, and biting.
185
What functions tend to be lateralized to the left side of the brain?
Vocabulary skills tend to be lateralized to the left hemisphere,
186
What functions tend to be lateralized to the right side of the brain?
Visuospatial skills, music perception, and emotion processing tend to be lateralized to the right hemisphere.
187
Describe interfence and how it is affects learning.
When people study new material, any new information introduced between the initial learning (i.e., encoding) and retrieval, such as viewing a movie, will interfere with memory consolidation.
188
What does latent mean when referring to types of functionalism?
Latent = unintended functions
189
What are some characteristics of stage 2 sleep?
Stage 2 sleep is characterized by diminished theta wave activity. Stage 2 marks the appearance of K-complexes. These occur rarely, but with larger amplitudes than any other form of activity in this stage. K-complexes are followed by sleep spindles: sporadic clumps of high-frequency, medium-amplitude waves.
190
What is an EOG?
EOG or electrooculograms measure eye movement.
191
Which part of the brain is likely overstimulated in sleep-deprived individuals?
An increase in cortisol observed in the sleep-deprived patients could result from anterior pituitary, adrenal gland, or even hypothalamic excitation.
192
If a study participant was placed in a dark room for several days, what hormone would be released less?
Light triggers the release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRH) from the hypothalamus, which then stimulates ACTH to be released by the anterior pituitary gland.
193
What is Treisman’s attenuation model?
The theory states that we “turn down,” or attenuate, the intensity of less important stimuli to focus on other tasks. It states that even after the intensity of a perceived stimulus has been attenuated, it can increase and claim more of our attention if it continues.
194
Describe controlled processing.
Controlled processing requires conscious devotion and effort.
195
The stimulus registered by the sensory receptors (e.g. the pattern of light fallin on the retina.) is what type of stimulus?
This is called the proximal stimulus
196
What is the term used to describe how people claim to remember detail of what they were doing when they received news about an emotionally arousing event?
This is called flash bulb memory.
197
What term describes a point in early development that can have a significant influence on physiological or behavioral functioning in later life.
The sensitive period (also referred to as a critical period)
198
What theory of motivation calls attention to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior?
The incentive theory of motivation
199
What term is used to describe the knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status?
Culteral capital describes this definition
200
What term calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. (Ex: an individual’s position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity.)
The term intersectionality fufills this definition.
201
What term describes the examination of small scale (or micro level) social interactions, focusing attention on how shared meaning is established among individuals or small groups.
Symbolic interactionism describes this definition
202
What is the looking-glass self?
The looking glass self suggests that the self-concept is influenced by how we perceive that others are viewing us.
203
What is demographic transition theory?
Demographic transition theory addresses changes in the birth rate and the death rate that are associated with economic development. Pattern: begins with drop in death rate, leading to population growth, followed by drop in birth rate, leading to population stabilization.
204
If a person is woken up everytime they begin to exhibit REM in one night, what pattern of REM sleep will they experience the following night if uninterrupted?
After being REM-deprived the night before, the person is going to exhibit “REM rebound” and will have more REM sleep than usual.
205
In response to stress, what part of the brain initiates signals to the endocrine system?
The hypothalamus is the brain structure that controls the pituitary gland, initiating the stress response.
206
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?
It is an observer’s expectations either directly or indirectly lead to the expected attributes or behavior.
207
When does fundamental attribution error occur?
This occurs when a person’s explanation of someone else’s behavior emphasizes personality or dispositional traits, minimizing the possible influence of situational contingencies.
208
What does the standard version of dichotic listening involve?
It involves presenting two different auditory messges, one to each ear.
209
What imaging technique is best suited for localizing brain areas?
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans show brain processes by using the sugar glucose in the brain to illustrate where neurons are firing.
210
What is self-verification?
This refers to the tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one’s self-concept.
211
What is the five-factor model?
This is a model of an individual’s personality that is divided into five traits. The traits that constitute the five-factor model are extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
212
What is role-strain?
Role-strain refers to stress from different expectations associated with a single role.
213
What is social capital?
Social capital refers to the benefits provided by social networks.
214
```
Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT a catecholamine?
A. Dopamine
B. Norepinephrine
C. Epinephrine
D. Acetylcholine
```
Acetylcholine is neither a monoamine nor a catecholamine
215
How does cortisol traverse cell membranes?
Cortisol is a steroid hormone (specifically a glucocorticoid) due to streoid's nonpolar structure they can traverse cell membranes w/o channel or carrier.
216
What are the main functional differences between the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex?
Adrenal medulla secretes 2 catecholamines (epi and norepi) which act to promote fight-or-flight. --- Cortex releases steroid hormones, like aldosterone and cortisol.
217
What is the consequence of gene expression when there is increased methylation of a particular gene?
By methylating DNA, our cells reduce the frequency of transcription of that region, which leads to “silencing” it.
218
What does a p value < 0.05 indicate?
A p value < 0.05 denotes a statistically significant relationship between variables.
219
Which term is used to describe the lack conscious memories from prior to the time when they were approximately 3.5 years old?
This phenomenon is known as infantile amnesia.
220
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory the ____ is the "moral" component of human personality. It typically drives individuals to avoid behaviors that are morally wrong while striving to fulfill realistic goals.
superego
221
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory the ____ (the pleasure-driven, simplistic portion of personality) dominates behavior in very young children
id
222
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory the ____ is largely conscious, as it must balance input from the other two components to guide the person's day-to-day actions. The other two components are more unconscious in nature.
ego
223
What are Goldberg's 5 dimensions?
O - openness to experience C - conscientiousness E - extraversion A - agreeableness N - neuroticism
224
What theory of persuasion theorizes that a message may be processed either peripherally (shallowly) or centrally (in a more thorough manner)?
The elaboration liklihood model. Central processing tends to have a more long-lasting effect than peripheral processing, although both can alter attitude at least temporarily.
225
Take into account entire question, with specific details, when selecting answer
Take into account entire question, with specific details, when selecting answer
