McAdams & Pals Flashcards
What are the four components that make up personality traits
- internal dispositions that are relatively stable across time and situations
- viewed on a continuum/bipolar
- additive and independent
- are broad individual differences in social and emotional functioning
What did the greek consider as the four humors of personality?
choleric (yellow), melancholic (Black), phlegmatic (blue), and sanguine (red)
What’s the difference between a characteristic and a trait
A trait is a behaviour that remains consistent throughout time and context. Whereas a characteristics vary depending on time and place
What does yellow/choleric represent in the four humors
Greeks believed that individuals with this color personality were full of yellow bile, resulting in a bad temper, and easily irritable. This related to earths features as fire
What does black/melancholic represent in the four humors
Greeks believed that individuals with this color personality were filled with black bile and were gloomy and pessimistic as a result. This color is related to earth
What does blue/phlegmatic represent in the four humors
Greeks believed that those with a blue personality were filled with phlegm, as a result, they are sluggish and non-excitable. This color is related to water
What does sanguine/red represent in the four humors
Greeks believed that those with a red personality were filled with blood, as a result they are bold and confident. This color is related to air
Why are the four humors so popular?
Businesses like to put people in boxes and appreciate them for their characteristics
What does the myers-Briggs model do?
Breaks down extraverts and introverts and perceiving and judging to put people in a box. Has no scientific support, but very popular in business
What are the four personality types of the Myers-Briggs indicator and relate them to the four humours
Introverted-judging- Melancholic
Introvert-perceiving- Phlegmatic
Extrovert-perceiving- sanguine
Extrovert-judging- Choleric
Who fathered personality psychology, when, and what did they do?
Galton-measurement of character
Who developed factor analysis and when?
Cyril burt, late 1800’s early 1900’s
What did Allport develop for personality psychology and when was this?
Lexical analysis, 1936
Who was cattell influenced by?
Allport’s lexical analysis
what model did cattell create?
16F model
How was Galton racist/sexist
Believed that eminent was genetic– believed that this meant wealthy men were the only men with intelligence. this information was used to influence the eugenics movement in awful ways
How did Galton advance in statistics?
Created linear regression using the median and interquartile range. This formed the basis of modern personality research
What did Galton use statistics on?
The lexical hypothesis- came up with a list of 1000 trait words and tried to sort them using qualitative processes, but the statistics were weak
Define the lexical hypothesis
If something is important to humans, they will create a word for it
What are key differences between the way galton did factor analysis and today’s version
Galton used median and interquartile range rather than mean and standard deviation due to limited technology
Who influenced allport
Galen
What was a core belief of allports that did not catch on
Character is innate
Define common traits
Dimensions of human functioning upon which many people are likely to differ. These dimensions exist in all people and can be used to compare them because of it
Define personal disposition
A trait especially characteristic of a given individual, therefore instrumental for depicting that individual person’s uniqueness
What are allports three types of personal dispositions?
Cardinal, central and secondary
How is a cardinal disposition different from a central disposition?
Cardinal disposition is a key trait that defines a person and therefore shapes most of their behaviour, no matter the scenario. Whereas central dispositions are context dependent. There are normally 5-10 central dispositions opposed to 1/2 cardinal dispositions.
How are secondary dispositions different from central dispositions?
There are many secondary dispositions that are extremely context dependent, whereas there are fewer central dispositions that are much more important than secondary dispositions.
Who came up with the three dispositions (cardinal, central and secondary)?
Allport
How was factor analysis created?
Creators wanted to group data together that was similar (latent variables) to change qualities into quantities. Researchers wanted to be able to turn personality traits into numbers
Define latent variables
assuming something exists bc it groups similar adjectives
Give an example of latent variables
Extraversion
-chatty, talkative, social, party
Why is Cyril Burt important to personality psychology?
Used twins to study the heritability of intelligence–> was influenced by galton
One of the first to use factor analysis
Showed how intelligence research differed from personality research
How did Cattell influence personality psychology?
Created the 16 Personality Factor model
used the oblique rotation in factor analysis opposed to the orthogonal method that was quite popular for the time
How was Eysenck influential to personality psychology?
Created the PEN model (psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism). Consisted of Two dimensions (E and N). Believed those who were high in extroversion had low levels of cortisol and needed to maximize stimulation; whereas introverts are the other way around.
Those who were high in Neuroticism were extremely emotional, their fight/flight response was rapid as well as being quick to bounce back from situations
How was Michel influential to personality?
Critiqued traits because
1. he did not feel they are strong predictors of behaviour in specific situations.
- Thought traits were an example of fundamental attribution error by psychologists
- traits represent an implicit personality theory that represent out tendency to group similar words and concepts together, rather than any behavioural correlates
The big five/five factor model
OCEAN
What is the difference between the big five/five factor model and the lexical hypotheses version of the five factor model
Openness is changed to intellect and neuroticism is changed to emotional stability
Which of the following personality traits are shared by
Eysenck’s 3-factor model, Lee & Ashton’s HEXACO and the
Big Five traits?
A. Psychoticism
B. Openness to Experience
C. Extraversion
D. Agreeableness
E. Reasoning
Extraversion
