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175.206 Memory & Cognition > MC Semester 1 Internal 2012 > Flashcards

MC Semester 1 Internal 2012 Flashcards

1
Q

The best characterisation of the goal of cognitive psychology is

  1. the study of information.
  2. the study of the use of knowledge.
  3. the study of behaviour.
  4. the study of the brain.
A

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2
Q

According to your text, the behavioural approach to the study of the mind involves

  1. measuring the relation between stimulation and brain processes.
  2. controlling behaviour by presenting positive reinforcements.
  3. measuring the relation between stimuli and behaviour.
  4. controlling behaviour by presenting negative reinforcements.
A

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3
Q

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localisation of function?

  1. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions.
  2. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
  3. Brain areas are specialised for specific functions.
  4. All of the above are consistent with the idea of localization of function.
A

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4
Q

Which of the following do PET and fMRI have in common?

  1. The use of the subtraction technique.
  2. The measurement of magnetic fields.
  3. The use of radioactive tracers.
  4. All of the above are characteristics of both PET and fMRI.
A

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5
Q

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and laboured, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his

  1. Broca’s area.
  2. Parahippocampal place area(PPA).
  3. Extrastriate body area (EBA).
  4. Wernicke’s area.
A

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6
Q

The way patterns of neural firing represent a specific stimulus or experience is known as

  1. the action potential.
  2. a propagated signal.
  3. convergence.
  4. the neural code.
A

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7
Q

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur’s face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger’s face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the least and neuron 3 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding.

  1. specificity
  2. distributed
  3. convergence
  4. divergence
A

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8
Q

One major difference between situations in which inattentional blindness occurs and situations in which change blindness occurs is that

  1. for inattentional blindness to occur, the target event or object cannot appear where the viewer’s attention is focused.
  2. inattentional blindness only occurs when motion signals are masked.
  3. inattentional blindness requires the viewer’s attention to be focused on a non-target event or object.
  4. inattentional blindness only occurs under conditions of low cognitive load.
A

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9
Q

Which of the following conditions does not result in the masking of normal motion signals which are necessary for change blindness to occur?

  1. A very small change
  2. A flickering light
  3. A mud splat on the windscreen of a car
  4. A very slow change
A

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10
Q

Change blindness is often thought of as a byproduct of our failure to encode the entirety of the world in front of us, but it could also be understood to occur due to the fact that

  1. people are often inattentive.
  2. we fail to properly compare pre-change and post-change representations of the world.
  3. our attentional capacity is overwhelmed by the complexity of the real world.
  4. we don’t pay attention to unimportant objects.
A

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11
Q

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.

  1. epiphenomenal
  2. propositional
  3. spatial
  4. unilateral
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12
Q

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?

  1. The results of scanning experiments
  2. Depictive representations
  3. The tacit-knowledge explanation
  4. None of these (they all support the idea that imagery is spatial)
A

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13
Q

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorise the four outside walls of a three-storey rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

  1. right at the front door.
  2. one metre from the front door.
  3. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.
  4. one kilometre away from the house
A

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14
Q

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

  1. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.
  2. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception.
  3. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe,but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.
  4. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
A

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15
Q

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centres and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centres.

  1. lower; higher
  2. higher; lower
  3. both lower and higher; higher
  4. higher; both lower and higher
A

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16
Q

Broadbent’s model of attention is called an early selection model because

  1. the filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is analysed.
  2. the filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory store.
  3. only a select set of environmental information enters the system.
  4. incoming information is selected by the detector.
A

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17
Q

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your flatmate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for pasta sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you “suddenly” remember that you need to pick up pasta sauce and add it to the list. Your behaviour is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

  1. Object-based
  2. Early selection
  3. Spotlight
  4. Late selection
A

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18
Q

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

  1. practice.
  2. the type of tasks.
  3. the difficulty of the tasks.
  4. task cueing.
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19
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the “100-car naturalistic driving study” is true?

  1. Video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows.
  2. Pushing buttons on a cell phone was the least distracting activity drivers performed while driving.
  3. Records showed that the majority of drivers were attentive to driving during the three seconds before a near crash but inattentive during the three seconds before an actual crash.
  4. All of the above are true.
A

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20
Q

Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT

  1. deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention.
  2. filling in the blanks when the stimulation is intermittent.
  3. holding incoming information briefly during initial processing.
  4. collecting information to be processed.
A

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21
Q

The primary effect of chunking is to

  1. maximise the recency effect.
  2. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound.
  3. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information.
  4. stretch the capacity of STM.
A

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22
Q

The code for short-term memory is most commonly based on the _____ of the stimulus.

  1. sound
  2. appearance
  3. meaning
  4. modality
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23
Q

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

  1. BIP, TEK , LIN, MOD, REY
  2. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG
  3. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
  4. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN
A

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24
Q

Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT it

  1. reduces memory span.
  2. interferes with semantic coding.
  3. reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words.
  4. eliminates the word-length effect.
A

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25
Q

A patient suffering from Korsakoff’s syndrome, such as “Jimmy G” who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

  1. Following a story in a book
  2. Solving problems that take more than a few moments to figure out
  3. Recognising people he has recently met
  4. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
A

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26
Q

The primacy effect is attributed to

  1. recall of information stored in LTM.
  2. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list.
  3. recall of information still active in STM.
  4. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.
A

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27
Q

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.’s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

  1. LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired.
  2. impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other.
  3. a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM.
  4. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.
A

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28
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

  1. Classical conditioning
  2. Priming
  3. Procedural memory
  4. Semantic memory
A

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29
Q

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother’s death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behaviour suggests

  1. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
  2. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory.
  3. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
  4. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.
A

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30
Q

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

  1. episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events.
  2. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
  3. semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory.
  4. semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories.
A

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31
Q

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

  1. repeating it over and over.
  2. linking the new word to a previously learned concept.
  3. using it in a sentence.
  4. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.
A

1

32
Q

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

  1. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory.
  2. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behaviour, even after we have forgotten the original events.
  3. Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing.
  4. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.
A

3

33
Q

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

  1. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response.
  2. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.
  3. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
  4. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.
A

3

34
Q

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

  1. the self-reference effect.
  2. maintenance rehearsal.
  3. levels of processing theory.
  4. encoding specificity.
A

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35
Q

Hebb’s idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

  1. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons.
  2. enhanced firing in the neurons.
  3. larger electrical impulses in the synapse.
  4. the growth of new dendrites in neurons.
A

2

36
Q

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

  1. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated.
  2. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated.
  3. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
  4. uninvolved in memory consolidation.
A

3

37
Q

Schrauf and Rubin’s “two groups of immigrants” study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

  1. cognitive hypothesis
  2. self-image hypothesis
  3. narrative rehearsal hypothesis
  4. autobiographical hypothesis
A

1

38
Q

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

  1. rehearsal cannot account for them.
  2. people’s confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence= high accuracy).
  3. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.
  4. they are permanent and resist forgetting.
A

3

39
Q

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

  1. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.
  2. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information.
  3. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly.
  4. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.
A

1

40
Q

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants “remembered” some things, like books, that weren’t actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

  1. schemas
  2. scripts
  3. confabulation
  4. source monitoring
A

1

41
Q

The misinformation effect occurs when a person’s memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

  1. before the event.
  2. during the event.
  3. after the event.
  4. All of the above are true.
A

3

42
Q

The “wedding reception” false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

  1. retroactive interference.
  2. consequentiality.
  3. source misattribution.
  4. confabulation.
A

3

43
Q

The prototype approach to categorisation states that a standard representation of a category is based on

  1. the definition of the category.
  2. a universal set of category members.
  3. a defined set of category members.
  4. category members that have been encountered in the past.
A

4

44
Q

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials?

(NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

Trial 1: An owl is a bird.
Trial 2: A penguin is a bird.
Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

  1. 583:518:653msec
  2. 518:583:653msec
  3. 583:653:518msec
  4. 653:583:518msec
A

3

45
Q

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

  1. Distributed processing
  2. Cognitive economy
  3. Prototype formation
  4. Family resemblance
A

2

46
Q

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

  1. the amount of information contained in each concept.
  2. the distance that must be travelled through the network.
  3. the typicality of the information contained in each concept.
  4. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept.
A

2

47
Q

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal

  1. has breaks between phonemes.
  2. has breaks between morphemes.
  3. has breaks between words.
  4. is continuous.
A

4

48
Q

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

  1. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.
  2. slowly to letters appearing in non words than letters appearing in words.
  3. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.
  4. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.
A

1

49
Q

The interactionist approach to parsing states that

  1. semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence.
  2. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.
  3. the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing.
  4. semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity.
A

2

50
Q

Coherence refers to the

  1. mental process b y which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text.
  2. principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context.
  3. mental process where by ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading.
  4. representation of the text in a reader’s mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.
A

4

51
Q

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

  1. restructuring.
  2. multiple goal states.
  3. operators.
  4. continuity and form.
A

1

52
Q

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

  1. gradually rise; gradually rise
  2. gradually rise; rise suddenly just
  3. rise suddenly just; gradually rise
  4. vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably
A

3

53
Q

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

  1. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight
  2. Using a tyre as a swing seat and as a football practice target
  3. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
  4. Using a wine bottle as a vase
A

3

54
Q

It is difficult to apply means-end analysis to an insight problem because it is difficult to define ____ for an insight problem.

  1. an initial state
  2. operators
  3. a goal state
  4. intermediate states
A

4

55
Q

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

  1. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection.
  2. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify.
  3. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalising from one problem to another.
  4. Solving the problem through reorganisation because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganise a problem.
A

1

56
Q

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they

  1. ignore the falsification principle.
  2. are influenced by the atmosphere effect.
  3. confuse the ideas of validity and truth.
  4. incorrectly apply the permission schema.
A

1

57
Q

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?

  1. No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists.
  2. All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C.
  3. I forgot to charge my cell phone last night, therefore I missed an important call today.
  4. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.
A

4

58
Q

Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Focus, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, “Focuses must be the best-selling car now. I can’t remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently.” Derrick’s judgement is most likely biased by a(n)

  1. atmosphere effect.
  2. availability heuristic.
  3. focusing illusion.
  4. permission schema.
A

2

59
Q

People tend to overestimate

  1. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.
  2. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings.
  3. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree.
  4. subjective utility values following a decision.
A

1

60
Q

Juanita is in a dairy considering which carbonated drink to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free drink. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _____, she will use a _____ strategy.

  1. losses; risk-taking
  2. gains; risk-taking
  3. losses; risk-aversion
  4. gains; risk-aversion
A

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175.206 Memory & Cognition (4 decks)

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